Volume 8 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The prevention and control in plant disease plays vital role in architectural filed. Accurate and rapid diagnostic of disease helps to control the disease at early stage. The detection of plant disease using automatic technique is beneficial and reduces large work of monitoring each individual plant in the farm. A combined usage of image processing techniques and machine learning techniques helps to recognize the disease. This paper includes the study of existing systems for plant disease detection. The study includes various technique used for disease detection its advantages and limitations. Based on the existing work analysis, a new system is proposed. In the proposed system, plant leaf image features are extracted using Gabor filter and watershed segmentation algorithm which includes the color, texture and intensity property of image. Based on the extracted features the image is compared with existing disease training data. The test image is labeled with the related disease using classification technique.

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 Keywords

Image Processing, Machine learning, Plant Disease, Naive Bays, SVM, Random Forest

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Caesarean delivery is now one of the most common practices throughout the world. The most common serious side effect of spinal anaesthesia is maternal hypotension. The aim of the current study was to compare the incidence of hypotension with crystalloid pre-hydration and co-hydration in pregnant women undergoing caesarean section. This prospective study was conducted on 50 pregnant women in Parsa, Nepal. The study patients were divided into two groups (crystalloid pre-hydration group and co-hydration group) consisting of 25 patients in each group. Haemodynamic parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were monitored. In the present study after the induction of spinal anaesthesia both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was gradually decreased from baseline among the pregnant women. the blood pressure of the pregnant women with crystalloid co-hydration was significantly higher than that of pregnant women with crystalloid pre-hydration. The occurrence of hypotension among the women with crystalloid co-hydration was significantly lower than of women with crystalloid pre-hydration. Our study shows crystalloid co-hydration administered immediately after the induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section is associated with a lesser incidence of hypotension than crystalloid pre-hydration.

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 Keywords

Spinal anaesthesia; maternal hypotension, crystalloid pre-hydration, co-hydration

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The term affluenza, a portmanteau of affluence and influenza denotes a cluster of maladaptive psychological tendencies arising from overexposure to materialism, entitlement, and consumerism. Despite its growing relevance in contemporary India, no indigenously developed and psychometrically validated instrument for its assessment was available. The present study reports the systematic construction and validation of the Affluenza Scale (AS), a 21-item, three-point self-report instrument for Indian adults aged 16-40 years. Development followed five sequential phases: (a) theoretical item generation (initial pool = 41 items); (b) content validation by a five-member expert panel (retained 27 items; 75% agreement criterion); (c) empirical item analysis using extreme-group discrimination on a standardisation sample (N = 550; Males = 258, Females = 292; Mage = 28.3 years), yielding 21 final items; (d) exploratory factor analysis (PCA with Varimax rotation) revealing a five-factor structure : Gasconading, Distress, Materialism, Shopaholism, and Fiscal Exigency; accounting for 72.32% of total variance; and (e) reliability and validity assessment. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's ? = .917) and temporal stability over a two-month interval was high (r = .871). Concurrent validity with the Oliver (2007) Affluenza Scale was strong (r = .787, p < .001). Normative data from N = 1,078 Indian adults, with separate male and female norms, are reported. The AS provides researchers and practitioners with a culturally grounded instrument for the assessment of affluenza in Indian contexts.

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 Keywords

affluenza; scale development; materialism; shopaholism; factor analysis; Indian adults; psychometric validation

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 Abstract

Despite the advised measures, worries concerning the pathways of transmission for this pandemic disease have been raised because to the fast increase of COVID-19 symptoms and fatalities over the world. Inhaling tiny airborne droplets, in addition to the more generally documented transmission routes of larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with sick persons or contaminated surfaces, is a likely third route of infection. While there are still some questions about the proportional contributions of the various transmission channels, we believe the data is robust enough to justify developing interventions that target airborne transmission as part of a larger effort to reduce infection risk inside. Sufficient and adequate ventilation, potentially augmented by particle filtering and air disinfection, avoidance of air recirculation, and avoidance of overcrowding are all examples of appropriate building engineering controls. Such procedures are often simple to adopt and low in cost, but only if they are recognized as important in achieving infection control objectives. We believe that, in addition to effective application of other controls (such as isolation and quarantine, social distancing, and hand hygiene), the use of engineering controls in public buildings, such as hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms, or public transportation, would be an additional important measure globally.

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 Keywords

Coronavirus, COVID-19, Environment, Economy, Pandemic, Impact

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The standards of judicial independence and judicial accountability were drafted, bearing in mind the special challenges facing the judiciary in view of the challenges and problems in both the national and international spheres. Standards for judicial independence and judicial accountability are called for in order to give appropriate response to the developments and challenges regarding the position of courts and judges in contemporary society. This is important to enable the judiciary to play a role in assuring adequate protection of human rights and in the operation of an efficient and fair market economy in this era of globalization. This paper presents the text of all relevant international instruments and standards on judicial independence and judicial accountability and the guidelines of general application which will contribute to the independence and accountability of the judiciary, with a view to ensuring the legitimacy and effectiveness of the judicial process.

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Judicial Independence, Judicial accountability, International Standards, Human Rights, United Nations

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Remote monitoring systems play a vital role in modern industrial, environmental, and infrastructure applications by enabling real-time supervision of critical parameters from distant locations. Conventional wired monitoring systems suffer from high installation costs, limited scalability, and restricted accessibility. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents the design and implementation of an ARM7 LPC2148-based remote monitoring system using GSM technology. The proposed system continuously monitors sensor data such as temperature and voltage and transmits alert information to a remote user via SMS using a GSM module. The ARM7 LPC2148 microcontroller serves as the core processing unit due to its low power consumption, high processing speed, and rich peripheral support. GSM technology ensures wide-area coverage and reliable communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the system provides timely alerts, reliable data transmission, and cost-effective remote monitoring suitable for various real-world applications.

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 Keywords

ARM7 LPC2148, GSM, Remote Monitoring System, Embedded Systems, SMS Alert.

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Learning style refers to the preferred ways in which learners perceive, process, and retain information. Understanding the learning styles of students is essential for designing effective teaching-learning strategies, especially in culturally and socially diverse regions. Girls belonging to the Tribal Sub-Plan (T.S.P.) areas often face unique educational challenges due to socio-economic conditions, cultural practices, and limited educational resources. The present study aims to examine the learning styles of girls studying in T.S.P. areas. It seeks to identify dominant learning style patterns and analyze how these styles influence their learning experiences and academic engagement. The study also attempts to highlight the educational needs of tribal girls in order to support inclusive and learner-centered pedagogy. The findings of this research are expected to assist teachers, curriculum planners, and educational administrators in adopting appropriate instructional methods that align with the learning preferences of girls from T.S.P. areas. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding learning diversity to promote educational equity, effective learning, and the overall development of tribal girls

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"A Study of Learning Styles of Girls from the T.S.P. Area."

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This study aims to identify and analyze the environmental factors influencing the adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in university libraries. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted among professional library staff, supplemented by face-to-face interviews for data collection. The research focuses on key environmental influences such as competitive pressure, external support, and institutional interventions. Findings indicate that these factors have a significant positive impact on ICT adoption in university libraries.

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Market Competition, External Support, ICT Adoption, Institutional Intervention, Economic factors, invisible factors

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The separation of powers is a cornerstone of governance, distributing governmental functions among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This ensures that each branch holds independent authority, preventing the concentration of power and maintaining democracy through a system of checks and balances. It is generally understood that the three organs of State authority are expected to function within their respective domains, with the ultimate aim of ensuring an effective system of governance for the people. The Parliament and the Judiciary, in particular, are expected to work in harmony so that democracy can evolve to its fullest potential. Although the Indian Constitution assigns both institutions distinct and independent roles, an absolute separation of powers between them is not feasible. Since both Parliament and the Judiciary are creations of the same Constitution, the framers envisioned that they would operate with mutual respect and trust, rather than in essence of one being superior to the other. However, in practice, conflicts do arise between the judiciary and legislature in certain areas. One such area of contention is parliamentary privileges. This article raises important questions: Do parliamentarians enjoy absolute privileges? To what extent are parliamentary privileges subject to Fundamental Rights? And what is the extent and scope of judicial review in these matters within the Indian context?

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Judicial Perspective on Constitutional Challenges to Parliamentary Privileges in India

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Seawater desalination is an important method for meeting the growing need for fresh water; nevertheless, it is quite energy expensive due to the high salt of the source. Studies on using solar energy to drive seawater desalination are intensively pursued. Solar energy is a potentially ideal green energy source for water desalination, particularly in non-residential areas where the grid is unavailable. Photovoltaic (PV) cells powered by solar energy are a realistic and cost-effective method for supplying electricity for low-emission water desalination systems in regions such as deserts and offshore stations. The PV energy must be treated using power electronic power conditioning equipment. In this project, a prototype model for turning salt water to fresh water using the solar (PV Cells) desalination process was built and tested for performance. The results demonstrate consistency in acquiring fresh water.

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 Keywords

Salt water, Fresh water, PV cells

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition