Volume 4 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plyometric training and circuit training on agility among Kho-Kho players. A total of 60 male Kho-Kho players aged between 16-24 years, who had represented intercollegiate tournaments in Kadapa district, were randomly assigned into three groups: Experimental Group I (plyometric training, n=20), Experimental Group II (circuit training, n=20), and Control Group (n=20). Agility was assessed using standardized agility tests at pre- and post-intervention stages. The training programs for the experimental groups were conducted for 12 weeks, three sessions per week. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA to assess significant differences among groups, with the level of significance fixed at 0.05. The results revealed that the pre-test means for agility were 37.00 (plyometric), 36.23 (circuit), and 36.87 (control), with no significant difference (F=0.17, p>0.05). The post-test means improved to 40.50 (plyometric), 40.01 (circuit), and 37.01 (control), with significant differences among the groups (F=4.89, p<0.05). Adjusted post-test means were 40.32 (plyometric), 40.30 (circuit), and 36.91 (control), yielding a highly significant F value of 10.82 (p<0.05). Post hoc analysis indicated that both plyometric training and circuit training groups showed significantly greater improvement in agility compared to the control group (MD=3.41 and 3.39, respectively), while no significant difference was observed between plyometric and circuit training groups (MD=0.02). The findings confirm that both plyometric training and circuit training are effective in improving agility among Kho-Kho players. However, neither method proved superior to the other, suggesting that coaches can incorporate either training modality into conditioning programs to enhance agility performance in this sport.

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 Keywords

Plyometric Training, Circuit Training, Agility and Kho-Kho.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of structured resistance training and varied weight training on agility among male handball players and their age ranged between 17-21 years . Sixty players (N=60) were randomly divided into three groups of twenty: Group I underwent structured resistance training, Group II performed varied weight training, and Group III served as the control. The experimental groups followed their respective training protocols for 12 weeks, and agility was assessed using standardized testing before and after the intervention. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed a significant difference among the groups (F = 8.04, p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis indicated that the structured resistance training group (Adjusted Mean = 10.42) demonstrated significantly greater improvements in agility compared to both the varied weight training group (Adjusted Mean = 10.66, MD = 0.24) and the control group (Adjusted Mean = 10.73, MD = 0.31). No significant difference was observed between the varied weight training and control groups (MD = 0.07). These findings suggest that while both training modalities positively influenced agility, structured resistance training was more effective in enhancing change-of-direction performance. Coaches and trainers are encouraged to prioritize structured resistance-based protocols for optimal agility development in handball players.

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Structured resistance training, Varied weight training, Agility and Handball players,.

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 Abstract

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Circuit Training, Training Intensity, Passing Skill and Volleyball Players

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Shoulder strength plays a crucial role in tennis performance, particularly for generating power in serves and overhead strokes. This study investigated the effect of plyometric and core training on shoulder strength among forty-five male intercollegiate tennis players aged 18-21 years, who were randomly assigned into three groups: plyometric training (n=15), core training (n=15), and control (n=15). The experimental groups underwent 12 weeks of training, three sessions per week, while the control group continued routine practice. Pre-test analysis revealed no significant differences among groups (Core: 31.10, Plyometric: 31.97, Control: 29.63; F = 1.34, p > 0.05). Post-test results showed significant improvements in both experimental groups compared to the control (Core: 36.80, Plyometric: 36.07, Control: 30.40; F = 12.99, p < 0.05), with adjusted post-test means further confirming these differences (Core: 36.63, Plyometric: 35.15, Control: 31.49; F = 38.88, p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis indicated that core training produced the greatest gains in shoulder strength (MD vs Control = 5.14; MD vs Plyometric = 1.49), while plyometric training also outperformed the control group (MD = 3.66). The findings conclude that both plyometric and core training significantly enhance shoulder strength, with core training proving more effective, suggesting that incorporating core-based protocols alongside plyometric exercises may optimize performance and reduce injury risk in tennis players.

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plyometric training , core training , shoulder strength and tennis players

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The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of speed among university-level Football, Handball, and Volleyball players of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 300 male players, comprising 100 each from Football, Handball, and Volleyball who had participated in Inter-University tournaments during 2011-12, were selected as subjects. Speed was measured using standard tests, and the data were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's Post Hoc Test. The results showed mean speed scores of Football (7.375 sec), Handball (7.130 sec), and Volleyball (7.202 sec) players, with standard deviations of 0.066, 0.040, and 0.063 respectively. The obtained F ratio (481.68) was significantly higher than the table value (3.03) at the 0.05 level of confidence, indicating significant differences in speed among the three groups. Post Hoc analysis revealed significant mean differences between Football & Handball (MD=0.245), Handball & Volleyball (MD=0.072), and Football & Volleyball (MD=0.173), establishing that Handball players demonstrated superior speed compared to Football and Volleyball players. These findings suggest that sport-specific demands and training requirements play a critical role in influencing the speed performance of athletes in different team games.

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Speed, Physical Fitness, Football, Handball, Volleyball and University Players,

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Panchayati Raj system of India was enacted in order to institutionalize the village level of democratic governance and also to provide a platform to enable the rural population to decide on the solutions to the local issues. The Panchayats became a Constitution entity after the 73rd Constitutional amendment in 1992, thus strengthening the participatory manner of governance in the rural regions. It was provided by the amendment that had increased the representation of women up to 33 percent giving them a chance in political leadership. Prior to the amendment, political and social status of women were not strong, but Panchayati Raj gave them the power of making decisions. Through Panchayati Raj women are supposed to be empowered so as to have the same legal status and rights with their fellow women in the society. The women were also free to participate in the rural development through the reform. By 2015, it had seen several women Sarpanches and Heads initiating changes in education, health and sanitation within Panchayats. However, there are barriers which they faced like family pressure, deep rooted societal beliefs and lack of resources. Panchayati Raj has really promoted the empowerment of the women but still improvements are needed. Increased legal safeguards, increased material resources and women education with wholesome implementation of Panchayats will enable more effective process and therefore further empowerment of the Panchayati Raj system to the women of India.

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Panchayati Raj, Women Empowerment, Constitutional Amendment, Reservation, Women Leadership, Social Reforms.

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The thermal conductivity of metals represents a fundamental property that governs heat transfer efficiency in numerous engineering applications. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of heat transfer rates in different metals, examining the underlying physical mechanisms, experimental methodologies, and practical implications of thermal conductivity variations. Through systematic comparison of common metals including copper, aluminum, steel, iron, silver, and their alloys, this study elucidates the factors influencing thermal transport properties and their applications in thermal management systems. The analysis incorporates both theoretical foundations and experimental data to provide insights into material selection criteria for various thermal applications. Results demonstrate significant variations in thermal conductivity among different metals, with copper and silver exhibiting the highest values, while stainless steel and other alloys showing considerably lower thermal transport capabilities. This comprehensive examination contributes to the understanding of metallic thermal properties and provides practical guidance for materials selection in thermal engineering applications.

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Thermal conductivity, heat transfer, metals, thermal properties, materials engineering, thermal management

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This research paper explores the risk management practices in Indian banks, examining the various challenges and strategies that banks adopt to mitigate risks in a dynamic and evolving financial environment. The paper covers key areas of risk management, including credit, operational, market, and liquidity risks, and analyses how regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, and organizational practices shape these strategies. By evaluating the performance of public and private sector banks, the study identifies the challenges banks face in managing non-performing assets (NPAs), adapting to global risk management standards like Basel III, and securing digital banking platforms. Furthermore, the research discusses the role of stress testing, capital adequacy, and cybersecurity in managing risks effectively. While the Indian banking sector has made significant strides in adopting advanced risk management tools and technologies, the paper also highlights the persistent issues that hinder effective risk management, such as high NPAs and cybersecurity threats. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for enhancing risk management strategies, including investments in AI and machine learning, improving loan monitoring systems, and strengthening regulatory compliance. By addressing these challenges, Indian banks can enhance their stability, reduce operational losses, and improve their resilience to financial shocks in an increasingly globalized economy.

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Risk management, Indian banks, Basel III, credit risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, cybersecurity, non-performing assets (NPAs), digital banking, regulatory compliance.

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Agneeshomeeya Purodasayaha Vivaranam

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Agneeshomeeya Purodasayaha Vivaranam

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Domination in graphs has applications to several fields. Domination arises in facility location problems, where the number of facilities (e.g., hospitals, fire stations) is fixed and one attempts to minimize the distance that a person needs to travel to get to the closest facility. A similar problem occurs when the maximum distance to a facility is fixed and one attempts to minimize the number of facilities necessary so that everyone is serviced. Concepts from domination also appear in problems involving finding sets of representatives, in monitoring communication or electrical networks, and in land surveying (e.g., minimizing the number of places a surveyor must stand in order to take height measurements for an entire region).

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 Keywords

Domination set, Networking, Biological networks, Minimal Dominating set.

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