Published Paper Details:

Skin cancer is one of the most devastating cancers of the present decade. Non- melanoma skin cancers include basal cell carcinoma( BCC), actinic Keratosis, and squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). Treatment of these are done by using non-invasive methods. Some treatments for non-melanoma carcinoma are such as surgery, cryosurgery, curettage electron section and radiotherapy. BCC arises from uncontrolled proliferation of basal cells which is the foundational layer of the epidermis. Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, stands as the primary culprit, triggering mutations which disrupt normal cell growth control. Some other contributing factors include genetic predisposition, fair complexion, immunosuppression, and certain syndromes. Food and Drug administration approved various molecular targeting therapies which include Hedgehog inhibitors for BCC, monoclonal antibodies targeting anti-programmed death ligand-1 and anti programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) for MCC and anti-PD-1 for cSCC. Squamous cell carcinoma manifests as diverse skin lesions, commonly appearing on sun-exposed areas like the head, neck, ears, and arms. Early lesions may present as scaly red patches, thick and rough skin, or open sores. Advanced tumors can grow larger which form nodules or ulcerative lesions that may bleed or crust. Diagnosis of SCC involves a combination of clinical examination, dermoscopy, and biopsy. Histopathological analysis confirms the presence and type of squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment depends on various factors like tumor size, location, depth. Surgical excision remains the mainstay, with Mohs micrographic surgery which offering high cure rates for specific cases. Other methods include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and cryotherapy. Metastatic SCC may require systemic therapy with targeted drugs or immunotherapy. Untreated SCC can grow locally that invade deeper tissues, and potentially metastasize to regional lymph nodes or distant organs.