Published Paper Details:

Due to climatic changes, the marine planktonic system is affected worldwide, potentially causing a rise in the severity and intensity of harmful algal blooms. However, the lack of fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms behind harmful algal blooms, forecasting their future prevalence is challenging. There are viable concerns about the factors that influence the extension and initiation of HABs. To know the processes that control the growth of HABs, it is necessary to answer fundamental questions about the occurrence, extent, intensity, and timing in each system. In the past few years, harmful algal blooms coming from the unrestricted proliferation of algae occur often throughout the world's coastal water, causing significant ecological damage, toxic contamination of aquatic life, major economic losses due to decreasing tourism, and in some cases even human fatality. In many countries, according to numerous studies it is reported that algal blooms caused immense economic loss has their impact on fish and shellfish culture. Therefore, Understanding the correlation between rising water temperatures, nutrient cycling, and the emergence of harmful algal blooms is paramount due to their devastating consequences. The occurrence of bloom will depend upon numerous factors such as nutrient input, upwelling of water, flow condition, water condition (PH, turbidity), temperature and local ecology interaction of organisms within and with the environment. These blooms can inflict lasting damage on marine ecosystems, disrupt nutrient cycles, endanger aquatic life, compromise water quality, and pose a threat to human health and economies that depend on coastal resources. Exploring this connection is crucial for making reliable decisions on variations due to climatic changes, resource management, and environmental conservation initiatives. This guarantees that our oceans remain robust and preserves the welfare of both ecosystems and communities. Several factors influence the level of eutrophication of water bodies' flow rate, retention time, pollutant concentration, and standing or flowing system, fast Moving water bodies require more concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen inflow aid to prevail in eutrophic condition, while gradually moving water bodies are more vulnerable to the effect of enrichment due to higher detention time. This study examines the influence of climate change on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), including changes in temperature, stratification, light availability, ocean acidification, and nutrient inputs. It aims to fill research gaps in HAB initiation and growth, recognizing their significant consequences on ecosystems and human health. Additionally, it investigates the influence of flow rate, retention time, pollutant concentration, and water system type on eutrophication, offering insights for mitigation and management.