Published Paper Details:

kidney stone is one of the most common urological disorders and one of the oldest disease, which affects 10-12% of the world population. Pathophysiology of the disease includes urine supersaturation which promotes nucleation and aggregation of crystal then crystal retention occurs in the epithelium of urinary tract leads formation and growth of stone. Lithiasis is a term used for formation of stone in the urinary tract system. Stone can be in range from "A grain of sand to a pearl" with some "as big golf balls". Calcium containing calculi are the most common comprising about 80% of all urinary calculi, rest 20% are of other type. Ten small prospective clinical studies found that orange grapefruit, and lemon juices all increased urinary citrate levels. Only orange and grapefruit juices had an alkalinizing effect on urine pH. Orange juice and grapefruit juices significantly increased urinary oxalate levels, while orange juice also had a high carbohydrates content. The signification of citrate in the pathogenesis and medical treatment of bone illnesses connected to renal stone formation is explored. The processes by which citrate affects bone health and its potentional therapeutic applications in the treatment of renal stone disease are investigated in their study. To explore the relationship between citrus fruit juices [oranges, grapefruits, and lemonades] and kidney stone diseases [KSD].