Published Paper Details:

COPD is a major global health issue, with an increasing morbidity and mortality rate. By 2020, it was estimated to result in over 6 million deaths annually. COPD is associated with various comorbidities, including chronic heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, and more. Smoking, the primary risk factor for COPD, is also a major contributor to these comorbidities. Smoking not only affects the lungs but also various other organs, leading to cardiovascular complications and other chronic conditions in COPD patients. The number of comorbidities in COPD patients is associated with increased hospital deaths, and these conditions significantly affect the quality of life. Highly prevalent comorbidities, such as heart failure and diabetes, are linked to a decrease in the quality-of-life scores. Traditional lung function tests, like FEV1, inadequately correlate with COPD symptoms and comorbidities. Therefore, new multidimensional indices have been developed to better assess COPD and its comorbidities. The article explores various mechanisms underlying COPD and its comorbidities, including smoking, hypoxia, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet reactivity, arterial stiffness, and coronary artery disease. The management of COPD and its comorbidities involves long-term oxygen therapy and pharmacologic treatments. Oxygen therapy not only reduces mortality but also improves various aspects of patient health. Corticosteroid treatment approach Leads to multiple chronic disease conditions so alternate drug regimen. The effects of pharmacologic treatments on COPD mortality remain a subject of research. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to managing COPD and its comorbidities.