Published Paper Details:

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects about 1% of the population and typically manifests between the ages of 30 and 50. Over the past 25 years, there has been a significant shift in the goals and outcomes of RA treatment, partly due to a better understanding of the disease's pathophysiology. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in adult U.S. was estimated to be 1.29 million (0.6%) using data between 1995 and 2005, down from the prior estimate of 2.1 million. Age significantly increased the prevalence of RA in men and increased it in women. Leukocyte infiltration into the synovium is what causes synovitis. Inflammation results from the secretion of the cytokines transforming growth factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 by dendritic cells and macrophages, which promote the development of Th17 cells and restrict the generation of regulatory T cells. Multiple potential strategies may be used to mediate the role of B cells in autoimmune illness. Multiple joints are frequently painful and stiff in RA patients. Inflammatory etiology may be the cause of morning stiffness lasting longer than an hour. Imaging techniques such as color, Doppler sonography or Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can detect the presence of tenosynovitis. Leflunomide is a DMARD that primarily targets lymphocytes by preventing the synthesis of pyrimidine. It produces similar improvements in clinical measurements and radiographic scores as methotrexate when used as a monotherapy. When side effects prevent its usage, it is frequently combined with other DMARDs such as cholestyramine for quick drug removals. The immune system mistakenly views bodily cells as alien substances in autoimmune illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contain immunomodulatory characteristics, which allow them to alter the immune response. MSCs may lessen inflammation in troubled joints by reducing or suppressing the immune system. All-arthroplasty is more common in arthritis than a standard operation. Hip and knee replacements are frequently required on the equal side. Arthrodesis became a common treatment for wrist arthritis. For the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint, surgery is still the gold standard.