Published Paper Details:

Social mobility is linked to equality of opportunity: The higher levels of men out-earning their parents, the greater downward mobility of women and the higher number of low income women unable to move out of the bottom quintile all speak to a worrying pattern in which men do better at holding on to the privileges accrued to them, while women still have more trouble. All over the world in general and tradition-bound countries in particular women are handicapped in many respects when compared with men as far as upward mobility is concerned. Marriage, managing family obligations, nurturing the child until they become self sufficient either directly or indirectly affects their chances of mobility. In countries like India, Pakistan and other Asian countries it is because of parti-local marriage and family arrangement women soon after marriage leave their fathers home and start a new with husband. It will affect their participation in income generating activities. The same institution i.e., marriage has helped many women to move up in social hierarchy. Poor but good looking girls have improved their social status through marriage as and when they marry with rich boy. Even after getting decent job in formal sector many women reject "promotion with transfer" opportunities just for family sake. Low age at marriage generally kills their dream to get education and "dream jobs" in many cases. Hence, studying upward mobility of women is the need of hour. Academicians need to give much importance to this aspect. The present paper examines the mobility of women in colonial era and also in post independence era.