Published Paper Details:

Only absorption and emission phenomena involving only two or three levels of the system (atoms or molecules) are the focus of this study; dispersion phenomena are addressed at infrared frequencies. Retention (or discharge) and dissipating peculiarities have been examined traditionally in which the singular molecules affected by the connecting field are treated as driven consonant oscillators. While the classical theory is adequate for explaining the behavior of well-known microwave amplifiers and oscillators, it fails to explain the behavior of a complex atom or system of atoms, such as in maser-like devices. It is interesting to note that the elements of the interaction T-matrices are merely probability amplitudes and their conjugates. These elements can be identified as Kayley-Klein parameters, which have a close connection to quantum mechanics' concept of spatial rotation. The T-change strategy for a solitary two-level molecule has been stretched out richly to treat the association issue for a gathering for free or co-related two level frameworks. The Hamiltonian operator is obtained by adding the phase-dependent Hamiltonians for each individual atom, whereas the macroscopic T-transformation operator is constructed from the product of the T- operators for various constituent atoms. The state selection operator, the excitation and de-excitation operators, the inversion operators, and other relevant macroscopic operators are also included. can be built from the operator of individual atoms by applying quantum and statistical mechanics principles. While the theory for a single two-level particle follows the spin formulation, the assembly theory appears to be based on the general angular moment formalism.