Published Paper Details:

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are defined as a single antibody (Ab) cloned from a single B cell, have been used as immune modulators for transplantation, autoimmune disorders, and cancer for decades. To protect itself from many invading diseases, the vertebrate immune system is continually changing. The vertebrate immune system responds to a foreign pathogen by producing complementary antibody (Ab) molecules that can bind to all molecular structures of the microbial pathogen (bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, and other parasites) and keep up with an organism's diverse mutations. Antigen is any particle that enters the body and is identified by the vertebrate immune system as a foreign object. As a result, the immune system is attacked in two ways. First, B cells create a variety of antibodies that are specific for a novel antigen (epitope). Second, the antibody's paratope-encoding genes are rapidly altered in order to cope with and attach strongly to the antigen's epitope. As a result, antibodies were generated.