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Chromatography is described as a group of methods used to separate components in a mixture. There are two phases to this technique: stationary and mobile phases. The difference in the partition coefficients of the two phases serves as the basis for the separation of constituents. The words chroma (color) and graphene are the Greek roots of the word "chromatography" (to write). Chromatography is a relatively common technology that is mostly utilized for analytical purposes. Paper chromatography, Gas chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Ion exchange Chromatography, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography are some of the numerous types of chromatographic procedures (HPLC). The HPLC technology, including its theory, varieties, apparatus, and applications, is the major subject of this paper. High-pressure liquid chromatography, sometimes known as HPLC, is a type of liquid chromatography. The preferred approach for testing the peak purity of new chemical entities, keeping track of reaction changes during scale-up or synthesis processes, assessing new formulations, and performing quality control and assurance on finished pharmaceutical products is HPLC. In essence, HPLC is a significantly improved version of column chromatography. Solvent is externally driven through a column at high pressures of up to 400 atm rather than dripping through it while only being affected by gravity. This greatly speeds up the chromatographic procedure. Additionally, it permits the use of column packing material with very fine particle sizes, providing a lot more surface area for interactions between the stationary phase and the molecules passing through it. As a result, it makes it possible to separate the mixture's components better. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the mobile phase is pushed quickly across the column. Because much smaller adsorbent or support particles may now be used, the analysis time is lowered by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to traditional column chromatography, significantly enhancing column efficiency.