Published Paper Details:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to malfunction of insulin. It is characterized by severe lack of insulin due to the destruction of most or all of the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans by an autoimmune process, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency. In hyperglycemia, there is an imbalance of glucose production and glucose intake as opposed to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in target tissues, mainly skeletal muscle. Although resistance to peripheral insulin action contributes to altered glucose homeostasis, current evidence has found that the direct effect of aging on diabetes pathophysiology is through impairment of ?-cell function, resulting in a decline in insulin secretion. Coexisting illnesses and any acute illness can precipitate hyperglycemia because of effects of stress hormones to cause insulin resistance combined with the ?-adrenergic effects of catecholamine released during stressful illness to inhibit insulin secretion. Medications used in treating chronic ailments may affect in insulin resistance or worsening hyperglycemia. The diagnosis is using either the estimation of plasma glucose or HbA1c. Many of oral antidiabetic agents have a number of serious adverse effects, thus, the management of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge. There are about 200 pure compounds from plant sources reported to show anti-diabetic effect. The International Diabetes Federation mentions management of diabetes includes monitoring and controlling the level of plasma glucose. Similarly, optimal management of diabetes requires investigation of potential DM complications with modify the risk factors for different diabetes related conditions.