Published Paper Details:

The origin of towns came into being as early as 6000-5000 B.C. but these were mostly based on Neolithic agrarian culture. Later on with the inventions of plough, wheel �cart, boat, metallic implements, etc., and also system of watering fields ushered development and valleys of Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus started surplus food-grains production. Consequently, there evolved a s social organization in which certain strata comprising religious, administrative, trading and artisans� communities could appropriate for themselves part of the produce grown by the cultivators. Such groups settled in towns to perform non - agricultural activities. In the river valleys, thus began a culture of certain groups who were having skill for writing, accountancy as well as knowledge of solar calendar and bureaucracy. There in the real sense town cult began around 3000 B.C. After this up to nearly 2000 years, the ancient urban process ceased. Early cities went into eclipse.