Published Paper Details:

Breast milk is the best mode of providing nutrition to infants. Worldwide demand of formula is increasing when breastfeeding is not feasible or desirable. Infants fed formula have different growth patterns than those fed breast milk. Formula-fed babies gain more weight in the first year of life relative to their length, which raises their BMI. During their first year of life, infants fed formula grow more lean mass than breastfed infants due to the higher protein:energy ratio of formula. Lack of exposure to bioactive components in breastfeeding that could prevent adipogenesis, or changes in the location of fat deposition or lean mass gain during infancy may be the cause of obesity in later life. Formula feeding has been associated with a less stable microbiome over time, a notably altered bacterial content, and greater diversity and richness of bacteria in comparison to breastfeeding. Breastfed infants had higher levels of Bifidobacteria--an key component of a healthy microbiota than formula-fed infants. The serum concentrations of total IgG, IgG1, NK cell activity, and IFN-? showed a notable difference between breastfed and formula-fed infants, with the latter group showing significantly greater levels of these indicators. There is no clear correlation between formula feeding, the creation of gut microbiota, and its long-term health effects, more thorough and in-depth research in these areas is crucial.