Published Paper Details:

Lumpy skin disease (LSD, Pseudo-urticaria, Neethling virus disease, exanthema nodularis bovis, and knopvelsiekte) is an infectious disease. It is caused by a virus (LSDV) in the family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus. It is closely related antigenically to sheep and goat pox virus. However, these viruses cannot be differentiated using routine serological test (Alexander et al 1957). LSD is a disease of cattle and water buffalo. It is a vector-borne disease transmitted by different biting and biting blood feeding arthropods. LSDV replicates inside the host cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts, pericytes and endothelial cell in the lymphatics and blood vessels walls lead to developing vasculitis and lymphangitis, while thrombosis and infarction may developed in severe cases. Viraemia occurred after the initial febrile reaction and persisted for two weeks. In natural infection, very young calves, lactating cows, and malnourished animals seem to develop more severe disease that may be due to an impaired humoral immunity. The transmission of LSD is not completely understood. The main two routes of transmission are mechanical transmission by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and biting flies and the movement of infected animals. The disease can also be spread by fomites through such things as contaminated equipment and in some cases directly from animal to animal. The disease has shown its ability to establish and spread in a wide range of environmental and productions systems around the world.