Published Paper Details:

Antibiotic resistance is type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic. Genes can be transferred between bacteria a horizontal fashion by conjugation, transduction, transformation. Thus a gene for antibiotic resistance which had evolved via natural selection may be shared. Evolutionary stress such as exposure to antibiotics then selects for the antibiotic resistant trait. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on plasmids, facilitating their transfer. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multi resistant or, informally, a superbug or super bacterium. The primary cause of antibiotic resistance is genetic mutation in bacteria. The prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a result of antibiotic use both within medicine and veterinary medicine. The greater the duration of exposure is the greater the risk of the development of resistance irrespective of the severity of the need for antibiotics. As resistance becomes more common there becomes a greater need for alternative treatments. However despite a push for new antibiotic therapies there has been a continued decline in the number of newly approved drugs. Antibiotic resistance therefore poses a significant problem. The widespread use of antibiotics both inside and outside of medicine is playing a significant role in the emergence of resistant bacteria. Antibiotics are often used in rearing animals for food and this use among others leads to the creation of resistant strains of bacteria so we see now different type of resistance like MDR(multidrug resistant bacteria ) and XDR (extensively drug resistant bacteria) and PDR (Pan drug resistant bacteria) .from the widely use of antibiotics through the communities.