Volume 13 | Issue 9 | September 2025

 Abstract

Solid State Drives (SSDs) have revolutionized data storage by providing faster access speeds, lower power consumption, and greater durability compared to traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). At the heart of SSD performance lies the firmware, which manages complex operations such as Flash Translation Layer (FTL), wear leveling, garbage collection, and error correction to maintain device reliability and longevity. This paper presents an in-depth survey of recent advancements in SSD firmware design, focusing on how firmware algorithms address NAND flash memory challenges like limited write endurance and data retention issues. We explore emerging techniques including adaptive firmware tuning powered by artificial intelligence, Zoned Namespace (ZNS) support for improved storage efficiency, and integration of blockchain technology for secure firmware updates. The paper also reviews state-of-the-art simulation and validation frameworks that accelerate firmware development and testing. Through detailed analysis of these innovations, we demonstrate how firmware improvements enable SSDs to meet the growing demands of applications ranging from enterprise data centers to mobile and IoT devices. This comprehensive overview aims to guide researchers and developers in understanding current trends and future directions in SSD firmware technologies.

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 Keywords

Solid State Drives (SSD), Flash Translation Layer (FTL), NAND Flash Memory, Firmware Architecture, Write Amplification, Wear Leveling, Garbage Collection, Error Correction Code (ECC), Zoned Namespace (ZNS), Firmware Security, AI-assisted Firmware, Blockchain, SSD Simulation, Power-Loss Protection, NVMe.

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Abstract Background: Eczema, or atopic dermatitis (AD), is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin conditions globally, characterized by itching, redness, and recurrent flare-ups. Current treatments rely on corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, which though effective, cause side effects with prolonged use. Eczema, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, often requires long-term management. Urtica dioica, a medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, offers a natural alternative. This research evaluates 2% and 4% Urtica dioica extract ointments for their therapeutic efficacy in eczema treatment. Methanolic extracts were formulated into ointments using the fusion method and evaluated through physicochemical, in vitro, and in vivo parameters. The 4% formulation demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects, supporting Urtica dioica as a viable option for eczema management. Methanolic extracts of Urtica dioica were incorporated into ointment formulations and evaluated through physicochemical tests, phytochemical screening, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and in vivo therapeutic effect using a DNCB-induced eczema model in Wistar rats. Results showed that the 4% extract formulation had significantly greater anti-inflammatory and healing effects than the 2% formulation. This study supports the inclusion of Urtica dioica in dermatological formulations and warrants further clinical research.

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Urtica dioica, eczema, Phytopharmaceutical, herbal ointment, anti-inflammatory, topical therapy.

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Integration of digital platforms into education has changed teaching and learning tremendously. This study explores the perceptions of teaching professionals towards digital platforms especially in colleges. The study aims to understand their awareness level, usage patterns, benefits, and challenges of using digital platforms in academic activities. The data is collected through survey with a questionnaire collected from assistant professors of different institutions. The study examines the extent to which digital tools are used for instructional delivery, communication, assessment, and improving academic performances. Findings indicate that even though most educators acknowledge the potential of digital platforms to improve teaching effectiveness and student engagement, problems regarding digital literacy, institutional support, and technological reliability, cost etc. exists there. This study highlights the need for training, infrastructure development, and policy formulation to foster more effective and inclusive digital integration in higher education settings.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital platforms, Perception, Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Yoga, rooted in the ancient Indian philosophical and spiritual tradition, represents a comprehensive discipline aimed at the integration of body, mind, and consciousness. Originating as a path of self-realization and liberation, yoga has progressively evolved into a multidimensional system that encompasses ethical principles, physical postures, breath regulation, meditation, and lifestyle modifications. Over centuries, its journey has moved from the sacred spaces of Indian philosophy to the global stage, where yoga is now widely practiced as both a wellness strategy and a therapeutic intervention. Contemporary scientific research has expanded its scope by documenting physiological benefits such as improved flexibility, cardiovascular efficiency, and autonomic regulation, as well as psychological outcomes including stress reduction, enhanced emotional well-being, and resilience. Furthermore, yoga-based interventions have shown promise in the management of chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and mental health disorders, thereby positioning yoga within the framework of integrative medicine. By bridging ancient wisdom with modern scientific validation, yoga offers a unique, holistic approach to human health and flourishing. This article examines yoga through historical, philosophical, and empirical perspectives, underscoring its enduring relevance as both a spiritual science and an evidence-based health-promoting practice.

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Yoga, Mind-Body Integration, Integrative Medicine, Health Promotion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??, ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??, ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?

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Social media usage has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of individuals engaging daily. However, prolonged use, especially on handheld devices, is associated with poor posture, repetitive strain, and musculoskeletal discomfort. Evidence suggests a strong association between excessive screen time and conditions such as text neck, low back pain, shoulder stiffness, and carpal tunnel syndrome (1,2). Preventive strategies, including ergonomic interventions, digital hygiene, and awareness campaigns, are essential to mitigate these health risks. This article emphasizes the need for further research and multidisciplinary approaches to address the emerging musculoskeletal consequences of digital lifestyles.

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Social media, musculoskeletal disorders, digital ergonomics, screen time, posture-related pain.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In Vedic Sanskrit, the more commonly used, literal meaning of the Sanskrit word yoga which is "yoke", "to join", "to unite", or "to attach" from the root yuj, already had a much more figurative sense, where the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses takes on broader meanings such as "employment, use, application performance" (compare the figurative uses of "to harness" as in "to put something to some use"). All further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as "exertion", "Endeavour", "zeal" and "diligence" are also found in Epic Sanskrit. Yoga is a traditional method of meditation developed by the saints of ancient India. They practiced yoga as an effective method of controlling their mind and bodily activities. Yoga in Daily Life is a system of practice consisting of eight levels of development in the areas of physical, mental, social and spiritual health. When the body is physically healthy, the mind is clear, focused and stress is under control. The benefits of yoga are extensive. Daily exercises are a great way to help relieve the stress of your day and can bring a sense of well-being to your life. Yoga can help reduce the effects of stress on your body. Daily exercises of yoga can help ease the aches and pains of the body. You will learn to take deeper, slower breaths with daily exercises of yoga. The benefits of yoga will include lengthening the muscles, tendons, and ligaments in your body to help you become more flexible. Daily exercises are always recommended, but yoga helps reduce the level ofCholesterol in your body. This aids in weight loss and fat burning. The benefits of yoga are very far reaching indeed. There is no one other exercise avenue you can take that will address all of these issues in one simple session. For those of you that think yoga is too easy, I encourage you to try one class. You may find it is just what you are looking for.

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In Vedic Sanskrit, the more commonly used, literal meaning of the Sanskrit word yoga which is "yoke", "to join", "to unite", or "to attach" from the root yuj, already had a much more figurative sense, where the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses takes on broader meanings such as "employment, use, application, performance" (compare the figurative uses of "to harness" as in "to put something to some use"). All further develo

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This study examines the work-life balance (WLB) challenges faced by IT employees in Chennai, a city that has become one of India's largest technology and outsourcing hubs. The rapid growth of the IT industry has created significant employment opportunities but also introduced unique pressures that impact employees' ability to integrate professional and personal responsibilities. Based on a qualitative case study approach, the research highlights how extended working hours, shift-based schedules, long commutes, and global client demands contribute to stress, fatigue, and strained family relationships. Social and cultural expectations further complicate these pressures, particularly for married employees who are expected to shoulder caregiving and household responsibilities alongside professional commitments. The findings indicate that while IT companies in Chennai provide policies such as flexible work options, hybrid schedules, and employee wellness programs, their inconsistent implementation reduces their effectiveness. Employees often hesitate to make use of such policies due to fears of being perceived as less committed or career-focused. This reluctance contributes to emotional exhaustion, irregular lifestyle habits, and burnout. The study identifies coping mechanisms employed by IT professionals, including time prioritization, physical fitness routines, and weekend recovery, but notes that these strategies remain insufficient in addressing systemic challenges

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IT employees, workload, organizational policies, Chennai IT industry, and employee well-being

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Educational aspiration is the enthusiasm for outstanding achievement and a goal that reflects the academic achievement that one hopes and wishes to achieve. It motivates and encourages students to pursue higher education and set higher career targets. The objectives of the study are to find the level of educational aspiration, and to compare the level of educational aspiration in relation to various demographic variables among secondary school students. The present study will enable educators and policymakers to develop a strategy that helps students build the abilities and confidence necessary to achieve their goals. The study revealed that secondary school students have an average level of educational aspiration. There is no significant difference in the level of educational aspiration in secondary school students based on gender, school type, parental level of education, and mother's occupation. A significant difference between the students with employed and self-employed fathers was observed.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Educational aspiration, secondary school students.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition