Volume 8 | Issue 8 |

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IoT; Irrigation; Sensors;

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Abstract Aim: The objective of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of various factors in knee pain patients and to identify the association of knee pain with balance and joint proprioception in knee pain patients. Method: This was a descriptive co-relational study design that was carried out from September 2018 to April 2019 with a convenient sample size of 75 patients having knee pain, aged between 30 and 65 years (both males and females). The patients were assessed for knee pain and disability by WOMAC questionnaire. For balance and joint Proprioception subjects were tested on the Y-Balance test and CPM (Continuous Passive Motion) machine. Result: The present study revealed that the prevalence of knee pain was higher in women who were housewife�s (47.4%). A significant inverse relationship was found between Balance and NPRS, Balance and WOMAC. A significant relationship was found between joint proprioception deviation and NPRS, joint proprioception deviation and WOMAC. Conclusion: In the present study gender, older age, and greater BMI were associated with knee pain and disability. Knowing specific risk factors of individuals with knee pain and possible association with each factor is important as it may help to develop specific treatment or management strategies.

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Keywords: Knee pain; Balance; Proprioception

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Abstract - Bio-diesel has become one of the most versatile alternative fuel options for diesel engine applications. The recent bio-diesel researches in India receives its attention towards Jatropha curcas oil based bio-diesel. In India plants bearing seeds which are rich in oil has been found mainly Jatropha curas (Ratan jot) and Pongmia Pinnata (Karanja) which are grown in our suitable climatic conditions (Patil and Singh, 1991). The use of bio-diesel is economically feasible and a strategic option, to meet the increasing demand of energy requirement of the nation. Out of various non-edible oil resources, Jatropha curcas oil is considered as an alternate fuel for compression ignation engines. The present study describes the process used for blending of Jatropha oil with diesel. For finding mechanical parameters. A vertical water cooled diesel engine used under study for various measurements. Jatropha oil blended in the proportion of 20,40 and 60 percent (by volume) respectively in the diesel. The specific fuel consumptions at various loads has calculated under study. Respective performance analysis has evaluated. In has found that the minimum fuel consumption was found with B60 blend as 0.1966 Kg/KWh and maximum B.T.E of 43.67% obtained at 70% load conditions, shown as 32% increase as compare to diesel with full load operations. At the same time there were decrease of 3.3% and 1.6% in volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency respectively at full load operations with B60 blend of diesel oil.

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B.T.E- Break thermal efficiency Bio-diesel, B.S.F.C � Break specific fuel consumption, C.I engine � Compression ignition engine.

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In this research paper RCF software is used and summary of reinforcement in kilogram, foundation quantities and cost, project cost and quantities of residential buildings are discussed in detail. Before calculating the quantity and costing, the slabs, beams, columns, footings are designed and all the loads are assigned and analyzed. Data describing technical and managerial parameters are also highlighted in this research paper. Methodology to create slab reinforcement and bar bending schedule is also described in detail which justifies the applicability of RCF software in design and consultancy firms.

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Rcf, Floor, Beams, Columns, Foundation, Estimation

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Box culverts are very important part of a transportation network as they provide a cost-effective alternate to substantial bridges. A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road ways, railways, or similar obstruction from one side to the other side. A culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. Culverts are commonly used both as cross drains for channel release and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and river crossings. A culvert may be a bridge like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the watercourse while permitting suitable opening for the water. Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc.) or reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. This Paper deals with box culverts made of RCC, without cushion. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The scope of this Paper has been further restricted to the structural design of box. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred. The structural elements are required to be designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The Paper provides full discussions on the provisions in the Codes, considerations and justification of all the above aspects on design. Box Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water course like streams, Nallas across the embankment as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the natural water way. The culverts are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace. Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc) or reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at the culvert location. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred in the analysis and design of box culverts. The aim of this project is to analyse the box culvert using STAAD PRO software. The structural elements of box culvert are designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The results obtained from STAAD are almost similar to manual calculations.

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Reinforced cement concrete box culvert, structural design, theoretical calculation, staad pro

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Objectives: The objective of the paper is to compare piagets theory of learning with vygotsky�s socio cultural learning theory. Both theories are the most contributors for the emergence of constructivist theory of learning. Methodology: In this comparison, the backgrounds of both theories were analysed. Different ideas and theoretical stance of the two theories were reviewed. Stages of Piagets cognitive theory were identified and unique characteristics of each stages were analyzed. In the same manner vygotsky�s social constructivism on its part were reviewed and its unique view points were seen. Implication: Implication of cognitive constructivism and social constructivism were the other concern of the paper. In this case their similarities and differences were discussed. Conclusion: Lastly, a conclusion was written down. In the conclusion part objectives of the review, similarities and differences of the concerned theories, as well as similarities and differences of the present paper with the previous review of the same issue were summarized.

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piagets cognitive learning theory, vygotskys social constructivism

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Concrete is the mostly used construction material. However, Cement, an essential constituent of concrete, its production leads to release of significant amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas. For the production of one ton of Portland cement approximately one ton of CO2 with other greenhouse gases are created. The global cement industry emits about 7% of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. As environmental issues are playing an important role towards sustainable development of cement and concrete industry so we need to replace cement by using waste material. One of the waste material is Glass. Tons of waste glass is being produced annually all over the world and this waste is disposed as landfills but as a matter of fact the waste of glass doesn�t decompose in the environment. On one hand Large scale production of cement is causing environmental problems and on other hand depletion of natural resource. In this paper cement is been partially replaced by milled waste glass that is waste glass powder with the increment of 5% from 0% to 30%. Test was taken for Workability, Compressive and Flexural strength for 7 and 28 days and compared with the result of conventional concrete. So by getting good test results it shows that cement could be partially replaced by milled waste glass.

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Milled waste glass, Concrete, Partial replacement of cement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ,?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? | ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? | ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? | ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ???? ?? | ????? ?? ???? 48 ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? | ???? ???????? ???? 2 ???? ?? | ????? ?? 11 ??? ??? ?? ,???? ?? ???? ???????? 5 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? | ???? ?? ???? ???????? ,?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? | ???? �???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? | ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? | ??????? ?????? ????? ,???????? ,?????? ,????????????? ,???????? ,?????? ,???? ,???????? ,??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? | ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ,?????????? ??????? ,?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? | ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? | ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? | ??????? ?????? ???? 9 ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? | ?? 2003 ?? ????? ???? ?? | ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? | ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? | ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? | ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? �???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???-??? ????????? ??| ?????????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? | ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? | ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? | 18 ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?.??????? ??? ??? |?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? | ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? | ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ,??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? | ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ,???? ???????,????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? |

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??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????

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This paper analyses the concept of the Anthropocene in young-adult fiction. Specifically, it looks at the effects of the Anthropocene that are present within the novel and the way in which the environmental crisis in the book �guides� the narrative as well as the message presented. The young adult novel selected for analysis is Ready Player One by Ernest Cline. The intent is to find out what perspectives on environmental crisis and other representations on the environment are present and what young readers could take from these representations.

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Anthropocene, Young-Adult Fiction, Environmental Crisis, Post-Apocalyptic Literature.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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It is a recent trend of the human being to be self-centred, though the whole world seems to be reached its optimum level of development through the huge technological progress. Earlier, people used to think for others and each member of a society used to get the opportunity to project their best ability for the society. Naturally, the pertinent issue is: whether self-centeredness makes and/or keeps a man really happy or not. In fact, human being has endless desire that is why he has failed to demark that particular way through which he can achieve happiness in its true sense. In the West, it is observed that every material comforts are available, but still they have been searching for peace. Swami Vivekananda being a great revolutionary thinker anticipated it, and understood that one of the most fundamental ways for achieving happiness in true sense lies in the value system of a nation. That is why, in 19th century, when he paid a visit to the European countries, he prescribed that India should give their Philosophy, Psychology and Spirituality to the West, so that the world could be lifted in a better position. It is the time, when the revelation of Swami Vivekananda should be revisited. By virtue of his thought and philosophy, we would be able to find out the pathway to get the peace. This article is a quest to find out the right path to get peace or to achieve happiness in its true sense following the way as stated by Swami Vivekananda with a special reference to the Mahabharata, Ramakrishna and Bh?gvadgit?.

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Swami Vivekananda, value, human being, service, love, dharma

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition