Volume 5 | Issue 4 |

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Dakshin Kosala, Xuangzang, Sirpur, Buddhist art, Kalchuri dynasty

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In the early centuries of the Common Era, some part of present Thailand was subject to the kingdom of Funan, which held the power in Mainland South East Asia. After the fall of the Funan, Dv?r?vati emerged as a powerful state in the Mainland South East Asia. Xuangzang refers it as 'To-lo-po-ti'. Dv?r?vati flourished until the tenth century C.E. The cultural relations between India and Dv?r?vati in Thailand, in particular, has been evidenced by the representation of the material cultures with Indian style and content, which was embedded in inscriptions, sculptures, architecture, etc. In the case of cross-cultural/tran-scultural scenario like Dv?r?vati and India.

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Dv?r?vati, Thailand, Buddhism, Xuangxang, South East Asia

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Sustainable development has emerged as a cornerstone of global policy and scientific research, emphasizing the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection. Environmental chemistry plays a vital role in understanding the complex interactions between human activities, pollutants, and natural ecosystems. This paper examines the major environmental challenges- climate change, pollution, depletion of natural resources, and waste management- and highlights strategies grounded in environmental chemistry for achieving sustainability. By exploring green chemistry, renewable energy technologies, waste valorization, and circular economy models, the paper argues that sustainable development can be achieved through innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and effective policy frameworks. The goal is to provide a holistic perspective on balancing development with ecological responsibility.

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Sustainable, Global policy, Scientific research, Environmental, Pollutants, Ecosystems, Green Chemistry, Economy.

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Kannada Visha Vaidhyashastrakke Koduge

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Kannada Visha Vaidhyashastrakke Koduge

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The present investigation was carried out at Banana Research Station, Nanded. "Studies on plant geometry and levels of potassium on growth, yield and quality of banana (Musa acuminata L.)", for two trial years. In the present experiment, there were four main treatments of plant density, viz. D1 (1.5 m x 1.2 m), D2 (1.5 m x 1.5 m), D3 (1.5 m x 1.8 m) and D4 (1.5 m x 2.1 m), three sub- treatment of potassium levels, viz. K1 (100 g K2 O/plant), K2 (200 g K2O/plant), K3 (300 g K2O/plant) and thus comprising twelve treatment combinations. The greatest girth of fruit (11.91cm) was recorded in density D4 ()1.5 m x 2.1 m) at the least girth of fruit (11.26cm) was given by D1 1.5 m x 1.2 m (5,555 plants/ha), which was at par (11.28cm) D2 1.5 m x 1.5 m (4,444 plants/ha) The potassium level K3 (300 g K2O/plant) had given greatest girth of fruit (11.63cm), which was at par (1159cm) with K2 (200 g K2O/plant), while the least girth of fruit was noted in k, least girth of fruit was noted in k, (100 g K2O/plant) (11.23cm) The interaction effect of plant densities and potassium levels in pooled shows that the greatest girth of fruit (12.14 cm) was noted in D4K3 (1.5 m x 2.1 m at 300 g K2O/plant), (1.5 m x 2.1 m at 200 g K2O/plant).

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Variation in Finger Girth of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) with doses of Potassium fertilizers under Different Plant Geometries

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Prostitution in India has been a complex and contested subject, shaped by historical practices, political regulation, and evolving human rights discourses. From the courtesans of ancient India and the devadasi system to the colonial regulation of brothels and the post-independence legal framework, prostitution has been entangled in debates over morality, law, and power. The state's regulatory approach, often driven by concerns of public order and morality, has frequently marginalized sex workers rather than safeguarding their rights. This paper examines the historical trajectory of prostitution in India, critically analyzes the politics of regulation, and evaluates the issue through a human rights lens, focusing on dignity, autonomy, and livelihood. Drawing on international human rights instruments and comparative models of governance, it explores the gaps in India's legal and policy framework. The study argues for a shift from a morality-driven, punitive approach to a rights-based framework that recognizes sex workers as agents entitled to protection, dignity, and equality.

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Prostitution; Human Rights; Political Regulation; India; Sex Work

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This paper examines the judicial interpretation of religious freedom in India with a focus on constitutional provisions under Articles 25 to 28 and landmark judgments. The study traces the historical and constitutional foundations of religious liberty, emphasizing the framers' vision of a secular state that simultaneously respects faith and enables reform. It highlights how the judiciary has engaged with religious freedom through doctrines such as the essential religious practices test and the recognition of secularism as part of the Constitution's basic structure. Key decisions of judiciary illustrate the courts' efforts to balance conscience, minority rights, and state authority. From a human rights perspective, judicial interventions have at times strengthened dignity and pluralism, particularly in protecting minority beliefs, but they have also constrained religious autonomy by allowing judges to define theological essentials. The analysis underscores inconsistencies in judicial reasoning and reveals the impact of political contexts on religious freedom jurisprudence. The paper concludes that while the judiciary has played a pivotal role in safeguarding secularism and equality, reliance on the essential practices doctrine undermines autonomy and predictability. A shift toward a rights-based framework rooted in constitutional morality and international human rights standards is suggested as the way forward for a more consistent protection of religious freedom in India.

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Religious Freedom, Indian Judiciary, Essential Practices Doctrine, Secularism, Human Rights

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The study examines Indian Muslims' election behaviour and focuses on the determination of their choices using historical, political, and socio-economic drivers. It reflects on how political involvement among Indian Muslims evolved along with its implication on identity politics. The study utilizes a mixed-method design to examine patterns of votes between 2004 and 2014 with a focus on a consistent preference for secular and opposition parties, such as the Indian National Congress (INC), and local parties, such as the Samajwadi Party (SP) and Trinamool Congress (TMC). While comprising a significant minority, Muslims are disproportionately represented in parliaments, with their political choices impacted by communal myths, socio-political issues, and policy considerations. The study finds that whereas socioeconomic conditions and geographic distinctions affect voting, religious identity concerns and inclusiveness matter most in informing political decisions. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) continues to draw little support from Muslims because it is identified with majority politics. The findings emphasize the political relevance of Muslim votes and the impact this has on representative democracy. Policy suggestions involve increasing Muslim representation, strengthening anti-discrimination efforts, and promoting civic education to build political participation. Future research must examine the political conduct of young Muslim voters and the political impact of new media on their electoral choices.

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Electoral Politics, Identity Politics, Muslim Voting, Political Representation, Voting Behavior.

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Environmental awareness is a foundational pillar for achieving sustainable urban development, especially in the face of rapid urbanization and cultural diversity. This study explores how environmental consciousness, shaped by cultural values, education, and public participation, influences urban sustainability across global contexts. It emphasizes that localized knowledge, media influence, and civic engagement are instrumental in fostering eco-friendly practices such as waste management, green infrastructure, and low-carbon transport. Through a comparative lens, the research highlights how Western, Eastern, Indigenous, and African environmental values guide urban planning differently, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive approaches. Public awareness is shown to be a catalyst in shaping green policies, driving behavioural change, promoting green entrepreneurship, and encouraging public-private partnerships. Education and media emerge as vital tools in embedding environmental values from a young age and disseminating information widely. Community involvement further amplifies the impact of sustainability initiatives through inclusive planning and localized actions. Government and NGO-led programs, including Smart Cities Mission and grassroots waste management efforts, are evaluated for their effectiveness in creating environmentally conscious urban spaces. Case studies such as the Auroville Foundation case and Noida Twin Towers demolition illustrate the legal reinforcement of sustainable development principles. However, the study also acknowledges challenges in bridging cultural gaps, such as differing worldviews, communication barriers, and socio-economic disparities. Ultimately, it advocates for an integrative, culturally adaptive framework that prioritizes environmental awareness as the bridge between policy intent and practical urban transformation, ensuring resilient, equitable, and ecologically sound cities for future generations.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Environmental awareness, sustainable urban development, cross-cultural perspectives, public participation, eco-friendly policies, education, media, green infrastructure, cultural adaptation, urban planning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition