Volume 13 | Issue 11 | November 2025

 Abstract

Oral dissolving films (ODFs) are advanced oral dosage forms designed for application onto the buccal mucosa, offering both local and systemic therapeutic effects. These films are often preferred over conventional oral drug delivery systems due to their flexibility, ease of use, and improved patient comfort. ODFs leverage the bioadhesive properties of certain polymers, which, upon hydration, adhere to specific mucosal regions for prolonged periods. This allows them to bypass first-pass metabolism and enhance bioavailability. Additionally, they are self-administerable, cost-effective, and exhibit high patient compliance. Among the various techniques used for formulating ODFs, the solvent casting method is the most widely employed. Typically, hydrophilic polymers are combined with other excipients to create films that disintegrate rapidly, releasing the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) within seconds. ODFs provide multiple advantages, including ease of access, simple administration and withdrawal, strong mucosal retention, low enzymatic degradation, cost-efficiency, and enhanced patient compliance. These attributes contribute to their growing potential for commercial and therapeutic application. This review focuses on the mechanism of action, advantages, formulation components, preparation methods, evaluation parameters, and currently marketed ODF products. It also discusses advancements in novel fast-dissolving technologies within this drug delivery platform.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Solvent casting method, Rolling Method, flexible films, Compressed film based-systems, Mucoadhesive sustained release films

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

As urban centers continue to experience the direct and indirect impacts of climate change, understanding how city residents perceive and respond to these challenges is crucial for effective policy and community engagement. This study explores the levels of awareness, knowledge and climate-related actions among residents in selected municipal areas of Dibrugarh city. A random sampling method is used to collect information through a semi-structured interview schedule. Findings reveal a significant gap between climate change awareness and actionable knowledge with socio-economic status, education level. The study highlights the need for targeted communication strategies, community-based programs and inclusive urban policies to bridge the gap between concern and action. These insights are essential for fostering resilient urban communities capable of responding effectively to climate challenges.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

City residents, climate change, awareness, knowledge action

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Earthquakes are natural phenomena that generate intense ground motions, which can adversely impact structural systems. While mild tremors may not be perceptible to humans, stronger ones can cause serious structural damage. Shear walls are introduced in buildings to improve lateral stiffness, enhance ductility, minimise lateral displacements, and increase overall structural safety in seismic design. Controlling storey drift and lateral displacement is essential. Shear walls, which are vertical reinforced concrete (RC) elements extending from the foundation upwards, play a key role in resisting lateral seismic forces and limiting storey displacements. However, enclosing a building entirely with shear walls may negatively affect its architectural appearance. As a result, shear walls are typically positioned at selected locations, such as the sides or corners. In low-rise structures, bracing systems may be an option, but these are often unsuitable for taller buildings.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Shear walls, lateral displacement, story drift, story shear, story bending, response spectrum, time history analysis.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition