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Paper Title
A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem
Authors
Anand Sopanrao Dhutraj , Dr. Anjum U. Sayyad
Keywords
Startup Survival, Three-Year Threshold, Motivational HR Practices, Mumbai Startup Ecosystem, Liability of Newness, Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), Resource-Based View, PRISMA 2020
Abstract
Why do some startups survive the critical three-year mark while others, even those with strong ideas and adequate funding, fail silently within 36 months? The systematic literature review addresses that question by exploring the relationship between motivational human resource management (HRM) practices and startup survival, but with a more specific geographic focus on the startup ecosystem in Mumbai, India - the most expensive, most competitive and most complex entrepreneurial ecosystem in the country. A total of 140 peer-reviewed articles found in Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO were reviewed, screened, and synthesized based on the guidelines of PRISMA 2020. The review confirms the 36-month demarcation point as a theoretically grounded and empirically established demarcation point between organizational precariousness and relative stability, anchored in Liability of Newness, Resource-Based View, Organizational Ecology, and Self-Determination Theory. Five thematic categories of motivational HR practices are identified, namely, equity-based compensation (ESOPs), career development, recognition culture, flexible work arrangements, and open communication, which are linked to different mechanisms of survival. The study proves that ventures that adopt systematic motivational HR practices in their incubation stage are more likely to survive beyond three years. The review highlights crucial areas for further research in the Mumbai context, such as the lack of research papers indexed in Scopus concerning the entrepreneurial ventures of MMR. The literature search will be confined to those articles published till October 2025.
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IJCRT — journal style
"A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem", IJCRT - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (www.ijcrt.org), ISSN:2320-2882, Vol.14, Issue 5, page no.a677-a686, May 2026, Available :https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2605093.pdf
APA — 7th edition
Dhutraj, A. S., & Sayyad, A. U. (2026). A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 14(5), a677-a686. https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093
MLA — 9th edition
Dhutraj, Anand Sopanrao, and Anjum U. Sayyad. "A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, vol. 14, no. 5, 2026, pp. a677-a686, https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093.
Chicago — 17th, bibliography
Dhutraj, Anand Sopanrao, and Anjum U. Sayyad. "A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 14, no. 5 (2026): a677-a686. https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093.
Harvard — author–date
Dhutraj, A.S. and Sayyad, A.U. (2026) 'A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem', International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 14(5), pp. a677-a686. Available at: https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093
IEEE — numbered reference
A. S. Dhutraj and A. U. Sayyad, "A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem," IJCRT, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. a677-a686, May. 2026.
Vancouver — biomedical
Dhutraj AS, Sayyad AU. A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem. IJCRT. 2026 May;14(5):a677-a686.
AMA — 11th edition
Dhutraj AS, Sayyad AU. A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem. IJCRT. 2026;14(5):a677-a686. Accessed at https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093
BibTeX — Zotero, Mendeley, LaTeX
@article{IJCRT2605093,
author = {Anand Sopanrao Dhutraj and Anjum U. Sayyad},
title = {A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem},
journal = {International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {a677-a686},
year = {2026},
month = {May},
issn = {2320-2882},
url = {https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093}
}
RIS — EndNote, RefWorks
TY - JOUR
AU - Dhutraj, Anand Sopanrao
AU - Sayyad, Anjum U.
TI - A Systematic Review of Motivational Human Resource Practices and the Three-Year Survival Threshold in the Mumbai Startup Ecosystem
T2 - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts
JA - IJCRT
VL - 14
IS - 5
PY - 2026
SN - 2320-2882
UR - https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093
SP - a677-a686
ER -
Issue
Volume 14 Issue 5,
May-2026
Pages : a677-a686
Article Information
- Pages
- a677-a686
- Published
- May 2026
- Registration ID
- IJCRT_307721
- Published Paper ID
- IJCRT2605093
- Research Area
- Management All
- Author Type
- Indian Author
- Location
- Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra, India
- Peer Review
- Request Peer Review Report
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0 · Open Access
- ISSN & Impact Factor
- 2320-2882 · IF 9.17
- Downloads
- 151
- Permanent Link
- https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2605093
- Published Paper PDF
- https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2605093.pdf
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