ISSN2320-2882
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Paper Title
NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
Authors
GANESH PRASAD PANDA , DR. ELINA KANUNGO
Keywords
Net Interest Margin, Banking, Risk measurement, Z-Score, GDP growth
Abstract
This study investigates non-interest income (NII) and its association on both risk and earnings volatility in Indian public sector banks from 2009-10 to 2023-24. Using a sample of the ten largest public sector banks, we examined both total NII and its components--fee income, trading income, and other income--to better understand their impact on bank risk and profit. Risk was quantified using Z-Score, RAROA, and RACAR, while control variables included loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR), net interest margin (NIM), bank size, and GDP growth. The data show that while NII generally reduces the risk profile, it has a mixed effect on profitability (RAROA) and risk-adjusted returns (RACAR). Bank size and operational efficiency, as measured by NIM, considerably improve stability and profitability, but LDR and GDP growth have little effect. This shows that internal bank factors dominated macroeconomic conditions in determining risk and performance during the research period. The findings of our study have implications for the banks exposed to earning Non-traditional sources of revenue hence exposure to various risks.
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IJCRT — journal style
"NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS", IJCRT - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (www.ijcrt.org), ISSN:2320-2882, Vol.14, Issue 4, page no.e824-e839, April 2026, Available :https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2604569.pdf
APA — 7th edition
PANDA, G. P., & KANUNGO, E. (2026). NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 14(4), e824-e839. https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569
MLA — 9th edition
PANDA, GANESH PRASAD, and ELINA KANUNGO. "NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, vol. 14, no. 4, 2026, pp. e824-e839, https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569.
Chicago — 17th, bibliography
PANDA, GANESH PRASAD, and ELINA KANUNGO. "NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 14, no. 4 (2026): e824-e839. https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569.
Harvard — author–date
PANDA, G.P. and KANUNGO, E. (2026) 'NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS', International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 14(4), pp. e824-e839. Available at: https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569
IEEE — numbered reference
G. P. PANDA and E. KANUNGO, "NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS," IJCRT, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. e824-e839, Apr. 2026.
Vancouver — biomedical
PANDA GP, KANUNGO E. NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS. IJCRT. 2026 Apr;14(4):e824-e839.
AMA — 11th edition
PANDA GP, KANUNGO E. NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS. IJCRT. 2026;14(4):e824-e839. Accessed at https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569
BibTeX — Zotero, Mendeley, LaTeX
@article{IJCRT2604569,
author = {GANESH PRASAD PANDA and ELINA KANUNGO},
title = {NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS},
journal = {International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {e824-e839},
year = {2026},
month = {April},
issn = {2320-2882},
url = {https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569}
}
RIS — EndNote, RefWorks
TY - JOUR
AU - PANDA, GANESH PRASAD
AU - KANUNGO, ELINA
TI - NON-INTEREST INCOME, BANKING RISK, AND EARNINGS VOLATILITY: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY ON INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS
T2 - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts
JA - IJCRT
VL - 14
IS - 4
PY - 2026
SN - 2320-2882
UR - https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569
SP - e824-e839
ER -
Issue
Volume 14 Issue 4,
April-2026
Pages : e824-e839
Article Information
- Pages
- e824-e839
- Published
- April 2026
- Registration ID
- IJCRT_305667
- Published Paper ID
- IJCRT2604569
- Research Area
- Commerce and Management, MBA All Branch
- Author Type
- Indian Author
- Location
- India
- Peer Review
- Request Peer Review Report
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0 · Open Access
- ISSN & Impact Factor
- 2320-2882 · IF 9.17
- Downloads
- 104
- Permanent Link
- https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2604569
- Published Paper PDF
- https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2604569.pdf
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