ISSN2320-2882
Impact Factor9.17
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ESTD2013
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Paper Title
Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective
Authors
Anamitra G Nambiar , Abhisha K
Keywords
manual scavenging, human rights, caste discrimination, sanitation workers, India, forced labor, law and dignity, rehabilitation, human-rights violations
Abstract
Manual scavenging -- the practice of manually cleaning, carrying, disposing, or handling human excreta from insanitary latrines, sewers, and septic tanks -- is one of the most degrading forms of labor known to humanity. Despite being legally banned in multiple countries, including India, it continues to persist in different forms, reflecting deep-rooted social inequality, caste-based discrimination, and state failure to ensure human dignity. The practice violates fundamental human rights, including the right to life, dignity, equality, and safe working conditions. This research paper examines manual scavenging from a global legal perspective, analyzing the human-rights dimensions, the international legal framework, and the national legislations addressing this issue -- with India as the central focus. It discusses the historical and social roots of the practice, the legal evolution of prohibitions and rehabilitation measures, the gaps in implementation, and the global parallels where unsafe sanitation work continues. The paper argues that the persistence of manual scavenging represents not just a failure of law enforcement but a failure of moral and constitutional duty. The conclusion emphasizes the urgent need for holistic reform combining legal enforcement, social change, mechanization, and rehabilitation to restore dignity to affected communities and eradicate the practice permanently.
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IJCRT — journal style
"Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective", IJCRT - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (www.ijcrt.org), ISSN:2320-2882, Vol.13, Issue 11, page no.e716-e728, November 2025, Available :https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2511553.pdf
APA — 7th edition
Nambiar, A. G., & K, A. (2025). Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 13(11), e716-e728. https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553
MLA — 9th edition
Nambiar, Anamitra G, and Abhisha K. "Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, vol. 13, no. 11, 2025, pp. e716-e728, https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553.
Chicago — 17th, bibliography
Nambiar, Anamitra G, and Abhisha K. "Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 13, no. 11 (2025): e716-e728. https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553.
Harvard — author–date
Nambiar, A.G. and K, A. (2025) 'Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective', International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 13(11), pp. e716-e728. Available at: https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553
IEEE — numbered reference
A. G. Nambiar and A. K, "Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective," IJCRT, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. e716-e728, Nov. 2025.
Vancouver — biomedical
Nambiar AG, K A. Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective. IJCRT. 2025 Nov;13(11):e716-e728.
AMA — 11th edition
Nambiar AG, K A. Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective. IJCRT. 2025;13(11):e716-e728. Accessed at https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553
BibTeX — Zotero, Mendeley, LaTeX
@article{IJCRT2511553,
author = {Anamitra G Nambiar and Abhisha K},
title = {Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective},
journal = {International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {e716-e728},
year = {2025},
month = {November},
issn = {2320-2882},
url = {https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553}
}
RIS — EndNote, RefWorks
TY - JOUR
AU - Nambiar, Anamitra G
AU - K, Abhisha
TI - Manual Scavenging Around the World: A Human Rights and Legal Perspective
T2 - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts
JA - IJCRT
VL - 13
IS - 11
PY - 2025
SN - 2320-2882
UR - https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553
SP - e716-e728
ER -
Issue
Volume 13 Issue 11,
November-2025
Pages : e716-e728
Article Information
- Published In
- International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts — Volume 13, Issue 11, November 2025
- Pages
- e716-e728
- Published
- November 2025
- Registration ID
- IJCRT_296847
- Published Paper ID
- IJCRT2511553
- Research Area
- Medical Science All
- Author Type
- Indian Author
- Location
- Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Peer Review
- Request Peer Review Report
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0 · Open Access
- ISSN & Impact Factor
- 2320-2882 · IF 9.17
- Downloads
- 309
- Permanent Link
- https://ijcrt.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJCRT2511553
- Published Paper PDF
- https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2511553.pdf
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The authors would like to thank the reviewers and the editorial board of International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts for their careful reading and constructive comments, and all colleagues who supported the preparation of this manuscript.
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