Published Paper Details:

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a disorder where the lining of the stomach or duodenum develops open sores due to acid related damage. These ulcers occurred due to an imbalance between the harmful factors such as gastric acid and protective mechanisms of the mucosa. The common etiological included infection with Helicobacter pylori and prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (1). Peptic ulcer disease which includes both stomach and duodenal ulcers, mainly a significant portion of people seeking surgical advice to the world. A peptic ulcer is a develops on the stomach or duodenal lining. Peptic ulcers are caused by factors like hydrochloric acid (HCL), pepsin, refluxed bile, leukotriene's (LTs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and defensive factors like the mucus bicarbonate barrier, prostaglandins (PGs) (2). the last one-hundred-year written history on a peptic ulcer disease and the treatment options are most common complications. Perforation The reason for reviewing the literature was evaluating most common ideas on how to treat for peptic ulcers (PPU) in general opinions treatment and surgical treatment. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a mucus secretion, bicarbonate production, mucosal blood flow, and prostaglandins. PUD remains a significant global health contributing to morbidity and health care burden, particularly in developing countries. The primary etiological factors include h pylori infection and prolonged use of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibit the prostaglandin synthesis and compromise mucosal defense. Additional risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, and genetic predisposition. Clinically, patients with PUD may present with Epigastria pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction. Diagnosis is typically established through endoscopic examination, along with non-invasive tests such as the urea breath test, stool antigen test, and serological assays for H. pylori detection or surgery Management of PUD focuses on the H. pylori infection, reduction of gastric acid secretion, and prevention of the PUD. Pharmacological therapy includes proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor antagonists, antibiotics and Cytoprotective agents. Eradication therapy, or other therapy of a combination of antibiotics and reduce rates of PUD. Lifestyle modifications and avoidance of NSAIDs are also required to management. Advances diagnosis technology and treatment, challenges such as antibiotic are early diagnosis therapy, and patient education is reducing disease burden and improving clinical safety.