Published Paper Details:

The use of synthetic pyrethroids has become increasingly prevalent in Indian agriculture due to their high efficacy, low mammalian toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. However, emerging evidence highlights their unintended ecological consequences, particularly on non-target insect biodiversity. This review synthesizes data and findings from peer-reviewed studies and governmental reports up to 2012, focusing on the impact of pyrethroids such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate on beneficial insect populations in Indian agroecosystems. The paper employs a secondary data-based review methodology, analysing numerical data on species decline, residue levels in environmental media, and trophic disruptions across various agricultural landscapes. Key findings indicate that pyrethroid exposure leads to a 30-60 percent reduction in natural enemies and pollinators, significant aquatic invertebrate mortality, and residue persistence in soil and water up to 21 days post-application. These ecological disturbances affect ecosystem services such as pollination, pest regulation, and nutrient cycling. The study also examines regulatory gaps and suggests mitigation strategies including integrated pest management, safer formulations, and stricter residue monitoring. The paper concludes that while pyrethroids offer agricultural benefits, their long-term ecological costs must be carefully weighed. Future directions emphasize the need for ecotoxicological research, policy refinement, and the promotion of bio-rational alternatives to preserve biodiversity and ensure agricultural sustainability in India.