Conference Proceeding - “Recent Trends in Biological Sciences and Their Applications”
Volume 12 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Air pollutants have been investigated to be associated with many health issues. Recently, epidemiological studies have been suggested the association between air pollution exposure and risk of frailty with inconsistent findings. This meta-analysis and review was to summarize and evaluate the effects of exposure to various air pollutants on risk of frailty. PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies published before May 15, 2024. Studies that explored the potential relationship between exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NOx, solid fuel, second hand tobacco) and risk of frailty were included. The quality of cross-sectional and cohort studies was evaluated using an eight-item assessment instrument for epidemiological studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, respectively. A total of 9,717 papers were retrieved, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis indicated that PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with frailty assessed by the frailty index [OR (90% CI): 1.24 (1,11-1.38) per 10 ?g/m3 increment]. Moreover, solid fuel exposures were significantly associated with an increased risk of frailty assessed by the frailty phenotype [OR (90% CI): 1.91 (1.09-3.34)] or the frailty index [OR (90% CI): 1.25 (1.11-1.41)]. Exposure to PM2.5 and solid fuel increases the risk of frailty. Environmental protection policies and public health measures should be developed to reduce PM2.5 concentrations. Effective measures, such as improving stoves and using clean fuels, should be taken to reduce indoor air pollution levels.

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EXPOSURE ON FRAILTY RISK: META-ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

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Vijayawada, located in Andhra Pradesh, India, faces recurrent flooding during the monsoon season, which severely disrupts both human life and local wildlife habitats. This study explores the cascading ecological consequences of these floods, particularly focusing on snake populations that are vital for maintaining biodiversity. Flood-related habitat destruction not only forces snakes into urban areas, leading to increased human-snake conflicts and injuries but also causes a surge in rodent populations due to disrupted predator-prey dynamics. These changes create significant public health risks, including potential disease outbreaks linked to heightened encounters between humans and snakes, as well as increased rodent-borne illnesses. The study synthesizes relevant literature to highlight the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies, including habitat restoration, enhanced community education, infrastructure improvements, and health system strengthening against the backdrop of flooding. Recommendations propose multifaceted solutions that incorporate community participation and effective wildlife management to ensure environmental sustainability and public health safety. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of ecological and public health issues in flood-prone areas, necessitating a comprehensive approach to tackle the long-term challenges posed by flooding in Vijayawada and similar regions.

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Flooding, Ecology, Snakes, Public Health, Human-Wildlife Conflict, Biodiversity

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In India, orchids are distributed in North Western Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats. North Western Himalayas comprises the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The topography of North Western Himalayas region is regular and intercepted by valleys and plateaus of various extent and as such the stratification is not clear. Western Ghats includes the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This region also consists of valleys and plateaus. Eastern ghats States or Odisha Andhra Pradesh Telangana Karnataka, Tamil Nadu consists of valleys and plateaus. In these regions there is a great diversity in the floristic pattern due to great altitudinal variation. The orchidaceae family exhibits enormous diversity. In this paper different regions in India, richness of the orchid diversity and their conservation strategies are suggested.

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Orchidaceae, Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, species richness, conservation strategies.

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Animal Sciences and Plant Sciences are fascinating fields where scientists are making incredible progress and unravelling information regarding cellular functions, signalling pathways and molecular causes of diseases. Behind these victories we find the dedication and hard work of many scientists who are exchanging ideas and information at a faster rate as the world has become a global village. Several advances have taken place in various branches of Biological Sciences in recent years which are discussed in detail below

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RECENT TRENDS IN ANIMAL SCIENCES AND PLANT SCIENCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

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Organic farming is a production system, which substantially reduces the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. Organic farming is a holistic agricultural system that enhances soil quality. Jeevamrutham is a traditional organic fertilizer and soil conditioner derived from natural ingredients such as cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, gram flour, and water. It's a concoction rich in beneficial microorganisms, nutrients, and organic matter, widely used in organic farming to enhance soil fertility, promote plant growth and improve crop yield. Hibiscus sabdariffa, annual herbaceous shrub belongs to the family malvaceae, commonly known as Roselle. It is widely used as leafy vegetable having rich nutrients besides therapeutic characteristics included antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, uricosuric, and anemia-treating effects. The study investigates that application of jeevamrutham on Hibiscus sabdariffa enhanced the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, EC, N, P, K and organic carbon content. The quantity of Photosynthetic Pigments, Carbohydrates and Proteins are also increased in addition to an increase in biomass, shoot length, root length, number of branches and leaves. This finding suggests that Jeevamrutham can be efficiently used as organic fertilizer to improve growth, development and yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa.

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Organic Farming, Jeevamrutham, Soil Fertility, Yield, Hibiscus sabdariffa

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Our country is based on coal for energy production will give rise to huge quantity of fly ash which leads to environmental pollution, especially in causing respiratory diseases due to its small size light weight. Now, it is being utilised in manufly ashcturing building materials like bricks etc. But a very small quantity is being used and rest is disposed of in ash lagoons, which poses problem in the form of land use, health hazards and environmental dangers. Hence the is a need to manage the rest of the fly ash waste to protect the environment. As fly ash has unique physical and chemical properties, it can be utilised for agriculture also. As our country is second largest in the world and has consistently been the highest contributor to agriculture. Hence, our country can try to change its challenge of fly ash pollution as an opportunity of utilising it for agriculture. Hence the author made an attempt to bring awareness among the people in this aspect of utilising fly ash for agriculture.

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Using fly ash in Agriculture: Converting a Difficult Situation into an Opportunity

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Java plum (Syzygiumcumini), also known as Jamun, is a tropical fruit with significant medicinal properties. This study explores the potential of Java plum in controlling blood glucose levels, focusing on its bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, clinical studies, and therapeutic uses. Background: Diabetes mellitus is a growing health concern worldwide, and natural remedies are increasingly being explored for its management. Black plum (Java plum), a traditional Ayurvedic medicine, has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties.

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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF BLACK PLUM (JAVA PLUM) TO CONTROL BLOOD GLUCOSE

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective role of vitamin C on Cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Healthy 40 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 8 animals each. Group I served as control and administered with saline and group II and III were administered with Cypermethrin at a dose of 50mg and 100mg/kg BW respectively. Group IV administered with vitamin C alone at a dose of 60mg/kg BW orally and group V administered with both Cypermethrin(100mg/kg BW) and vitamin C(60mg/kg BW)for 60 days. After the treatment rats were sacrificed and isolated the reproductive organs immediately for biochemical analysis. The body weights of rats did not show any significant change in all groups. Whereas the weights of reproductive organs were significantly decreased in Cypermethrin administered groups. Treatment with Cypermethrin significantly decreased epididymal sperm count, viable sperms and motile sperms with a significant reduction in the testicular steroidogenic enzymes (3?-HSD and 17 ? HSD) activities. Histoarchitechture of testis of rats administered with cypermethrin showed degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules with reduced size, increased interstitial spaces, and inhibited spermatogenesis. Where as co-administration of Vitamin C with Cypermethrin showed a significant improvement in the weights of reproductive organs, sperm count, sperm viability and motility. The co-treatment of vitamin C also significantly increased the activity levels of steroidogenic enzymes and it restored the structural integrity of testicular architecture in Cypermethrin intoxicated rats. The present study indicating the protective role of vitamin C against cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity in male rats.

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Cypermethrin, Vitamin C, Male fertility, Spermatogenesis, Steroidogenesis

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Sustainable agriculture involves practices that are environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially responsible. Millets possess drought and climate resilience, and water and resource efficiency. Millet cultivation helps to meet the UN's goal of sustainable agriculture and food security (UN General Assembly, 2015). Although millet themselves do not contain live probiotic organisms, they act as prebiotics, which are nutrients that feed and support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Millets may be the best solution for the problem of hunger, food security, and loss of agrobiodiversity. This review focuses on the scope of Millet as a future crop in sustainable agriculture and as a source of probiotics

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Millets, Sustainable agriculture, Prebiotics, Biodiversity of crops

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Nanobiotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in the development of personalized medicine, particularly in the treatment of breast cancer1. Among the innovative techniques, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using biological materials has gained attention due to its eco-friendly, cost-effective, and efficient methods. Tinospora cordifolia1, a medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties, has shown potential in the green synthesis of AuNPs. This review explores the synthesis of AuNPs from Tinospora cordifolia extracts and their application in breast cancer therapy2. By leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, and surface modification capabilities, these biologically synthesized nanostructures offer promising prospects in targeted drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy3. The integration of such nanomaterials into personalized treatment regimens could significantly enhance the precision, efficacy, and safety of breast cancer therapies, paving the way for more effective and less toxic treatment options. This review highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future directions in utilizing Tinospora cordifolia-derived gold nanoparticles in personalized breast cancer treatment4-6.

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Nanobiotechnology, breast cancer, personalized medicine, gold nanoparticles, Tinospora cordifolia, green synthesis, targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, cancer nanomedicine, biocompatibility

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Sericulture, the practice of rearing silkworms for silk production, has been a significant agricultural activity for centuries. In recent years, advances in silkworm breeding, rearing practices, and silk production technologies have revolutionized the industry, making it more efficient, sustainable, and versatile. Key advancements in silkworm genetics, including selective breeding and genetic modification, have led to strains with enhanced silk yield, disease resistance, and superior fibre quality. Improved rearing techniques, such as optimized environmental controls and feed formulations, have further boosted productivity and reduced the impact of silkworm diseases. On the production front, novel approaches in silk processing, including bioengineering and nano-silk technologies, have expanded the applications of silk beyond textiles into fields like biomedicine and materials science. This review also addresses the environmental and economic implications of these innovations, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in sericulture. By integrating these advancements, the sericulture industry is poised to meet increasing global demand while contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.

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Sericulture, Silkworm Breeding, Silkworm rearing and silk production.

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The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has garnered significant attention due to its eco-friendly and sustainable approach. This review focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangrove leaf extracts, a promising green route for nanoparticle production. Mangroves, known for their rich bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols, serve as excellent reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of AgNPs. The review provides an overview of the key techniques used for the characterization of these nanoparticles, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It also highlights the biological applications of AgNPs synthesized from mangrove leaves, particularly their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Additionally, the review explores the potential of these biogenic AgNPs in environmental and biomedical applications. This green synthesis method offers a viable alternative to conventional chemical approaches, promoting sustainability while producing nanoparticles with diverse biological activities.

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Mangroves, Leaf extract, Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities.

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Microgreens term is used to grow various commercial crops like leafy vegetables. Its high demand in this current world due to presence of proteins, vitamins, LDL rich components in their chemical composition. These plantlets are harvested within two to three weeks. They are highly demanded for their nutrients rich source, concentrated flavours as well as their vibrant colours. Recently they are used in vegetables and fruit salads. They contain ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, folate, tocotreinols, phylloquinones, anthocyanin, glycosylates etc. Microgreens are small sprouts with 10cm length and growing without soil and water. These have significant potential to enhance high concentrate of beneficial compounds. They are having high nutritional value because of their secondary metabolites and commercial potential recent progress and perspectives related to production, postharvest techniques and preservation of microgreens. This paper will give an overall fact about microgreens production, harvesting, preservation. Green gram, wheat grass, chia seeds, fenugreek length of microgreens calculated, temperature, light availability, moisture physics parameters also calculated to optimum values, they grown upto 15cm and the physical parameters like LED (420447) blue LED production enhanced light intensity high production also increased, below 400 C temperature with less moisture increase the growth of microgreens. The shelf life is increased when they kept in 40 C for 6 days without moisture and are wrapped with polythene cover.

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LDL, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, anthocyanin, glycosylates

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A microbial biosensor combines a physical transducer and one or more microorganisms to produce a quantifiable signal that is proportionate to the quantity of analyses. Recently, a wide range of microbial biosensors for use in food, medicine, and the environment have been developed Microbial biosensors have numerous advantages in ecotoxicity testing. Microorganisms are generally cheaper to culture than higher organisms, and they can be produced in large batches, subjected to stringent quality control procedures, and freeze dried for storage. Cyano-bacterial biosensors for detecting herbicides represent an innovative application of biotechnology. These biosensors use cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to sense the presence of herbicides, leveraging their natural biological processes to produce measurable signals. Various biological constituents, including enzymes, cells, and organelles, as well as luminous cyanobacterial biosensors that are taken into consideration in this review, have been immobilized on suitable transducer surfaces in biosensors designed for herbicide detection.

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Ecotoxicity luciferase, Immunosensors, Biosenssors, Atrazine

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 Abstract

The changes in the environment in the 21st century are questioning the survival of the human species. Now the Era of Global Warming has ended and the Era of Global Boiling has begun. This era started from 2023 and since then the temperatures have been recorded high worldwide. As a result of the changes in the environment, high rainfall i.e. cloudbursts, artificial rainfalls through cloud seeding methods in rainless areas, tsunamis, melting of glaciers, sudden floods and super cyclones are occurring. In the past, the 2015 Paris climate agreement required every country to bring global warming to net zero carbon emissions. Accordingly, a specific deadline has been established to reduce carbon emissions. Non-fossil fuel sources for this. Due to the increase in carbon emissions, we are seeing frequent forest fires, powerful typhoons, sky-high floods, tornadoes, droughts and tsunamis in the world. Mountain and Arctic,Antarktika ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change. Warming of ocean waters due to global warming is likely to affect some species in Extinction. Especially in regions like the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland, the warming of the climate will not only lead to the melting of ice caps and rise in sea levels, but also to food shortages and loss of habitat for some species. If these levels of pollution continue to increase, the Amazon forests will also disappear. Ice Mountains melt and sea levels rise by a few meters. Due to this many countries will disappear and coastal areas will submerge. It causes food shortage. Habitat problems arise. Some species become extinct. As the ice mountains melt, new viruses emerge. Then human survival becomes questionable. Statistics show that 84 thousand people die in India every year due to high temperatures. Due to the lock downs during the corona time, the balance in the environment was established and the percentage of carbon emissions dropped significantly, we were able to get the environment necessary for the survival of humans and animals. Changes in climate are greatly affecting biodiversity worldwide. Changes in the current climate system in India are impacting various ecosystems, affecting key sectors such as natural ecosystems including water resources, agriculture, forestry, health and industrial sectors.

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Global Boiling, Biodiversity, Habitation, High Temperatures, Net zero carbon emissions

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Medical waste, a by-product of healthcare activities, has emerged as a significant concern in recent years due to its potential impact on both human health and the environment. Medical waste encompasses a wide range of materials often leading to inadequate disposal methods that pose serious risks to public health and ecological balance and global health crises. One of the primary concerns associated with medical waste is its potential to spread infectious diseases. Improperly dispose, can cause injuries and even the general public, potentially transmitting blood-borne like HIV and hepatitis. The toxins released from heavy metals can persist in the environment for extended periods, contaminating soil and water sources. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that incineration of medical waste is known carcinogens and can cause reproductive and developmental problems in humans and wildlife. Improper disposal of expired or unused medications can lead to their presence in water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and potentially entering the human food chain. Hazardous substances can leach into the soil, ecosystems and agricultural productivity. Radioactive waste from medical procedures, poses unique challenges. We can mitigate the risks associated with medical waste and work towards a healthier, more sustainable future.

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Medical waste, WHO, pathogens, Radioactive waste

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Flight is one of the most extraordinary adaptations in the animal kingdom, enabling organisms to explore ecological niches that would otherwise be inaccessible. This chapter delves into the comparative study of flight evolution in birds and insects, two distinct groups that independently developed this ability through different evolutionary pathways. The analysis begins with a review of fossil evidence, tracing the origins of flight in insects back to the Carboniferous period, while bird flight is explored within the context of theropod dinosaurs. The chapter then examines the anatomical adaptations that support flight in these groups. Insects utilize a combination of direct and indirect flight muscles to power their membranous wings, which are supported by a network of veins. In contrast, birds have evolved complex feathered wings, driven by large pectoral muscles attached to a keeled sternum, and supported by lightweight, hollow bones. The respiratory adaptations necessary for sustained flight are also explored, with insects relying on a tracheal system and birds on a highly efficient lung-air sac system. Biomechanical analysis reveals that insects rely on unsteady aerodynamics, generating lift through leading-edge vortices, while birds employ a mix of steady and unsteady flight mechanics, allowing for energy-efficient soaring and high-maneuverability flapping. The chapter also discusses the ecological roles that flight has afforded these groups, from pollination and predation to migration and seed dispersal. This comparative approach not only highlights the convergent evolution of flight but also underscores the diverse strategies that have evolved to meet similar functional demands. By integrating up-to-date research, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how flight has shaped the evolutionary trajectories and ecological success of birds and insects, offering insights into broader evolutionary processes and the dynamics of adaptation.

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Evolution, Flight, Birds, Insects, Comparative Studies, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Fossil Record, Convergent Evolution, Adaptation

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In our previous studies 2,6 -Dichloro quinone -4- Chloroimide(Gibbs reagent) used as a mild oxidizing agent with various substrates. In our present study we are presenting the reaction rates of permethrin by Gibbs reagent. Generally Permethrin used in medications and insecticide .Permethrin generally used in agricultural field and veterinary medicine . It is a pale brown water insoluble substance. Its molecular formula is 391.29.Permethrin is a blend of stereo isomers .The reactions are consecutive : the first stage of oxidation of permethrin is by [OH-] and the second stage of oxidation is by 2,6-Dichloroquinone. The reactions are found to be first order in oxidant and first order in substrate. The reactions were independent of [OH-].The rate of reaction is increased with increasing the temperature .Majority of the reactions studied at room temperature. The mechanism is likely to involve atwo stepoxidation reaction to generate a p-quinoid species. A blue colour Gibbs -permethrincomplex is formed after completion of the reaction. A suitable mechanism is postulated to explain the result .

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Permethrin -Gibbs reagent - p-quinoid species- two step oxidation -Gibbs -permethrin complex

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Recent advances in biopharmaceuticals promise a bright future for medicine by providing innovative solutions for disease treatment and prevention. These drugs are derived from living organisms and offer highly targeted therapies that are more precise and have fewer side effects. These advanced drugs closely resemble human proteins, thereby minimizing the risk of immune reactions. Biopharmaceuticals have revolutionized medical treatments with innovations such as monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, and cultured cell-based therapies. The increasing number of FDA-approved biologics from 2015 to 2023 highlights their expanding role in treating a wide range of medical conditions. As research continues to progress, we can expect even more exciting developments in the field.

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ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOPHARMACEUTICALS: PROMISING FUTURE IN MEDICINE

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An irregular menstrual cycle is one of the hallmarks of PCOS, a neuroendocrine metabolic condition. Synthetic medication therapy is a successful treatment for PCOS. However, because allopathic medications have limits and natural treatments have great therapeutic outcomes, PCOS patients are drawn to natural solutions. In many rural places, medicinal plants play a major role in the healthcare of women. Modern medications have been created from plants that have historically been utilized as a starting point for the development of new drugs with therapeutic effective observations. Women can easily acquire affordable healthcare through kitchen cures. Women's dietary habits often mirror their awareness of their health. In this comprehensive review we addressed the function of various Indian herbs in PCOS in light of the importance of herbal therapies. Materials & Methods: A comprehensive literature search and data mining was carried out about the efficacy of Ayurveda prescribed herbs supportedbyscientific efficacy and toxicity studies (preclinical and clinical) against PCOS by consulting the Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cross ref, database. Results: In this study, we addressed the role of selective Indian herbs in PCOS treatment with mechanisms through scientific studies conducted in the last two decades.

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PCOS, Cinnamon extract, fenugreek

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Street vended fruit juices are on high demand because of their nutritive value and mineral and vitamin content but the concern on food safety is very high. There is little evidence for the association between fruit juice, especially 100% fruit juice, and mortality risk. In addition, whether 100% fruit juice can be a healthy alternative to whole fruit remains uncertain. This study is aimed to detect different food borne micro-organisms along with Physico-chemical characteristics of freshly prepared street vended fruit juices (orange, pineapple, grape, mixed fruit juices). A total of 100 juice samples from five different places stalls of Pulivendla were collected and examined for their physic -chemical properties and for their microbiological quality. Physico-chemical properties of fruit juices include pH, Titrable acidity and TSS,ash, total soluble solid, total sugar, reducing sugar and titrable acidity, vitamins and microorganisms.

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Street vended fruit juices, micro-organisms, physic-chemical characters.

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Their distinctive properties, unequaled to date in catalyzing reactions under mild conditions and of great specificity, have conferred a paramount status on biocatalysts--enzymes and whole cells--in sustainable industrial practice. Some recent advancements in this field of biocatalysis, ranging from pharmaceutical industries to environmental cleaning and food processing, are highlighted in this review article. Advanced techniques include protein engineering, immobilization techniques, and unconventional media, which have gained strength in increasing measure. Such techniques increase efficiency and stability. Besides, this review will cover the challenges and future perspectives of biocatalytic technologies as underlining their contribution to the global problems of sustainability.

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Biocatalysts, Enzymes, Whole Cells, Sustainability, Environmental Remediation, Protein Engineering.

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Climate change is a pressing global issue with profound effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. The Indian subcontinent, with its diverse climatic zones and rich biodiversity, is particularly vulnerable to these changes. This paper examines the impact of climate change on the region, focusing on temperature increases, shifting precipitation patterns, and the rise in extreme weather events. These climatic alterations have significant biological implications, affecting flora and fauna across the subcontinent. Forests are experiencing shifts in composition and increased fire frequency, while agricultural crops face reduced yields and altered growing conditions. Terrestrial mammals, avian species, and marine life are also experiencing disruptions due to changing habitats and environmental conditions. The paper further explores the broader impacts on ecosystems, including biodiversity loss and disruption of ecosystem services. Socioeconomic repercussions, such as impacts on agriculture, food security, and public health, are also discussed. Adaptation and mitigation strategies, including conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and policy recommendations, are examined to address these challenges. Case studies highlight specific regional and species-related impacts, providing insights into effective responses. The findings underscore the urgency of integrated climate action to safeguard both ecological and human systems in the Indian subcontinent.

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Climate Change and Biological Implications in the Indian Subcontinent

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Maize is a staple food grain and third important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat that grows in a wide range of environments ranges from a semi-arid region to humid regions. India ranks about 4th position in the world by area and 7th in production. Andhra Pradesh is one of the largest producers of maize in India. According to the data collected between 2021-2022 maize in Andhra Pradesh was cultivated in an area of 3.42 lakh ha of yield and a productivity of 20.49 lakh tonnes and 5991 kg/ha respectively contributing about 6.09 per cent to total country's production. Vizianagaram district is located at the north eastern region where maize productionof Andhra Pradesh that ranks 4th place in the state with an area of cultivation about 41 hectares with a yield of 3797 Kg/ha. The yield in kharif is more when compared to rabi. The production varies with use of different varieties. Biofertilizers are the natural products obtained from microorganisms as a result of decomposing organic substances and help in overall growth and development of the plant. The present study discusses the use of biofertilizers and their effects on growth and yield of maize varietiesof both kharif and rabi. The DHM103 and DHM107are taken as kharif varieties and PUSA hybrid-1 and Ganga II are taken for rabi season from Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh.

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IMPACT OF BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SELECTED MAIZE VARIETIES GROWING IN VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

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The field of plant physics in India, which bridges plant biology and physical sciences, has seen significant growth over the years. Rooted in traditional knowledge, such as the Vedas and Ayurveda, India's historical engagement with plant studies laid the foundation for modern scientific exploration. The pioneering work of Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose in plant electrophysiology marked the formal beginning of plant physics in India. Post-independence, the establishment of institutions like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) fostered research in plant physiology, leading to advancements in areas such as water transport, photosynthesis, and plant adaptation to climate change. Contemporary research focuses on mechanobiology and climate resilience, with increased collaboration between Indian and international institutes. The field continues to evolve, positioning India as a key contributor to global research in plant physics.

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plant electrophysiology, mechanobiology, climate resilience

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Urban Solid Waste Management presents significant challenges for India and the world. Various types of waste are generated from urban activities, including residential, agricultural, industrial, mining, and biomedical sources. These materials are often discarded as unusable. Effective urban waste management not only involves the disposal of waste but also emphasizes the reduction of waste generation. Proper collection and secure disposal methods are crucial. In India, common disposal methods include open dumping, ocean dumping, sanitary landfilling, composting, and incineration. Waste collection typically involves fixed storage bins, with refuse stored until collected by larger vehicles for transfer to disposal sites. Popular collection methods include community storage points, kerb side collection, and block collection. The implementation of reduction, reuse, and recycling (the 3Rs) presents additional opportunities for improving waste management. Poor solid waste management poses serious risks to both environmental integrity and public health.

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Solid Waste, Landfill, Management, Methods, Environment, Public Health

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Nanobiotechnology, an interdisciplinary field merging nanotechnology and biology, offers transformative solutions across medicine, agriculture, and environmental science by manipulating materials at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, applications, and future directions of nanobiotechnology. It explores the unique properties of nanoscale materials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes, and their interactions with biological systems. In medicine, nanobiotechnology enhances drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies, such as targeted drug delivery and photothermal therapy. In agriculture, it improves pesticide delivery, soil and water remediation, and plant growth through nano-fertilizers and nano-priming. Environmental applications include pollutant detection, waste management, and water purification using nanomaterials. The paper also addresses safety and ethical considerations, including the toxicity of nanomaterials, regulatory frameworks, and societal implications. Looking ahead, emerging trends such as multifunctional nanomaterials and integration with artificial intelligence are discussed, alongside challenges and opportunities for advancing the field. This review highlights the potential of nanobiotechnology to revolutionize various sectors while emphasizing the need for responsible development and interdisciplinary collaboration..

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NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Nanobiotechnology: Advances, Applications, and Future Prospects

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Lagerstromia parviflora belongs to the family Lythraceae and widely used for various ailments as ethno medicine in and around Chittor Dt. of Andhra Pradesh. In this present study based on morpho anatomical studies of root, stem and leaf, in order to provide a scientific basis we authenticated that the Lagerstromia parviflora is an important medicinal plant. The medicinal properties and other taxonomical, microscopical characters confirmed that L. parviflora has apparent anatomical distinctiveness and peculiarities which differentiate with any adulterant taxa and other important things were discussed here.

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Lagerstromia parviflora, Morpho anatomy, Adulteration

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Climate change is driving unprecedented levels of human displacement, with profound social, economic, and environmental consequences. These displaced individuals, often referred to as climate refugees, are compelled to leave their homes due to the effects of rising sea levels, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, and environmental degradation such as drought and desertification. This article provides a comprehensive review of the causes and impacts of climate-induced displacement, exploring the challenges faced by these populations. It critically examines existing legal and policy frameworks, highlighting gaps in protection for climate refugees, and discusses various adaptation and mitigation strategies. Through an analysis of the latest research, this review underscores the urgent need for coordinated international action to address the human cost of climate change.

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Climate refugees, climate change, human displacement, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, drought, desertification, environmental impacts, adaptation strategies, mitigation, international law, human rights, sustainable solutions.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal force in shaping the future of science and technology. As AI technologies advance, they are increasingly being integrated into various domains, transforming traditional methodologies and expanding the horizons of what is possible in research and development. From accelerating scientific discoveries to driving technological innovations, AI's role is becoming ever more central in these fields.

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ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE

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The Vamsadhara and Nagavali rivers are the two major river systems in the district of Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh state of India. These two rivers originate in the Eastern Ghats of Odhisha state that is at Thuamul Rampur in the Kalahandi district enters into Andhra Pradesh and flows through the Srikakulam district till they connect to Bay of Bengal i.e Vamsadhara at Kalingapatnam and Nagavali at Kallepalli areas as (Fig-01) in Map showing it. Both the rivers form a dynamic and complex ecosystem. Crustaceans' mainly freshwater prawns and marine water shrimps that are available naturally in these waters are good fishery resources and plays a crucial role in the country's economy and also one of the top earners of foreign exchange.

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CHECKLIST, DISTRIBUTION OF PRAWNS OF VAMSADHARA AND NAGAVALI EASTUARIES OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT IN ANDHRAPRADESH, INDIA

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Aspergillus niger is a widespread fungal pathogen responsible for black mold on onions and other crops, resulting in significant post-harvest losses, due to reduced shelf life, spoilage, and economic losses to diminished market value and increased waste. The rise in resistance to traditional antifungal treatments has driven the search for alternative, sustainable methods to combat this pathogen. This research review explores the antifungal efficacy of various plant extracts and nanoparticles against A. niger, with a focus on their effectiveness in controlling onion infections. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of existing research on plant extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) for their ability to inhibit fungal growth. Additionally, recent advancements in the development and application of nanoparticles including silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), copper oxide (CuO NPs), and iron oxide (Fe?O? NPs) were tested for their antifungal properties. These findings suggest that both plant extracts and nanoparticles present promising alternatives for managing A. niger infections in onions, potentially reducing dependence on synthetic fungicides and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. The review underscores the potential of combining biocompatible nanoparticles with plant extracts and offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution for future antifungal agents in food packaging, clinical, and agricultural settings. This analysis highlights the most promising nanoparticle formulations by using fungicidal plant extracts for inhibiting Aspergillus niger, thereby enhancing the post-harvest storage of onions.

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Aspergillus niger, antifungal properties, plant extracts, Nanoparticles.

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Compared with the animal husbandry, Fish farming is new method and it is rapidly becoming one of the pivotal sectors in the agriculture economy across the World, driven by the ever-increasing demand for high quality animal protein at reasonable price, especially with the exponentially increasing human population. However, the development of high density fish populations also brings forth a challenge - the hasty transmission and spread of infectious disease agents in aquaculture. During the early days, when diseases appeared in aqua-farming practices, antibiotics or chemotherapeutics were used for disease treatment, and even for disease control. Preventive measures have become more and more significant as part of bio-security in aquaculture. Disease prevention by using vaccines is predominantly important in aquaculture where the number of individuals at high risk and where treatment is a challenge from practical, technical and economic points of view. Vaccination in general, a safe and cost-effectively acceptable preventive measure as it contributes to a sustainable aquaculture with low use of antibiotics. To control and prevent viral, bacterial and some extent parasitic infectious diseases, vaccination is the well-organized method. In the 1938 Snieszko et al., reported very first in his published article about disease prevention using vaccines and protective immunity in carp immunized with Aeromonas punctata. Vaccine development technology in aqua-farming has advanced very rapidly after the invention of the inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in 1942. Fish vaccination has been used in aquaculture since the 1980s to prevent infectious diseases. Now there is diverse range of vaccines commercially available in the market including live attenuated, killed/inactivated or genetically engineered vaccines for viral and bacterial diseases. Currently, most commercially available vaccines for aquatic organisms are inactivated, and the basic method of manufacturing of vaccines is still the inactivation by means of either physical or chemical methods of virulent wild-type pathogens. However, live attenuated vaccination in aquaculture practices offers numerous beneficial effects over inactivated vaccines viz., method of vaccination is simple, manufacturing costs are low, provide prolonged immunity, vaccine delivery is very rapid and low dose of immunization. In recent times, with the incessant diminution of technological price (for example, sequencing of genome, sophistication in screening of antigens, advancements in cell culture, etc), the progress of innovative antigen expression and delivery mechanisms, and the immense accretion of fundamental knowledge on mucosal immunity of fish, vaccines for aquaculture are guaranteed to see rapid improvement in the upcoming years. Advancement in developing greatly effective vaccines against mucosal immunity and subsequent adjuvants is a significant direction for forthcoming development, and improving vaccine delivery methods will certainly enable the new vaccines development.

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Adjuvants, Aqua-farming, Immunization, Live attenuated vaccines, Vaccination

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The study aims at assessing the effects of habitat fragmentation on spider distribution in the urban, agricultural, and natural habitats of Nallamala forest, Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out for six months, and the spider sampling methods included pitfall traps and visual encounters inSundipenta project region, agricultural Dornala region, and natural Rajiv Ghandi Wildlife Sanctuary. It was found that there are highly significant differences in the spider species richness and diversity among the different landscapes. The natural site had the highest species richness and diversity indices than the other sites while the urban site had the lowest. The results of statistical tests further showed that spider diversity was significantly affected by the type of landscape (p < 0. 001). NMDS and PERMANOVA tests suggested that spider assemblages were significantly different among the landscape types. The rarefaction curves indicated that the sampling effort for the natural and agricultural sites was sufficient, whereas the sampling effort for the urban site may require further sampling. The results of this study show that habitat fragmentation has a negative impact on spider species richness and that future conservation efforts should focus on combating urbanization and intensive agriculture.

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Habitat fragmentation, spider diversity, natural landscapes, species richness, multivariate analysis, conservation strategies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A systematic and comparative study of oxidation of a few ? -amino acids like Glycine DL- Leucine ,DL-Isoleucine, DL-alanine, DL-Phenyl Alanine by using 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloro-imide has been carried out in aqueous acetic acid-sodium acetate mixtures. The kinetic orders aresimilar that is first order in oxidizing agent for all the substrates. The substrate dependence is first order for all the substrates. If we increase sodium acetate concentration leads to increases the reaction rate. In these analysis we observed that in these oxidations is with alanine as standard, substrates with electron releasing groups like Glycine and alanine and substrates with electron with drawing groups like Phenyl alanine , serine ,Aspartic acid exhibited higher kinetic rates. This shows that there is a dual mechanism operating in these oxidations. log k1 vs ? plot is not linear as two lines intersect giving two different slopes. The slopes are -2.45 for substrates with electron releasing groups and +1.67 for substrates with electron with drawing groups. Hepler's treatment has been applied to understand the nature of entropy-enthalpy relationship on the kinetics of these reactions. Finally a synchronous oxidative decarboxylation process has been postulated to explain the oxidation of these ? -amino acids. The major products are the nitriles.

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:? -amino acids -electron releasing groups -First order kinetics- Electron withdrawing groups-Kinetic order- Entropy- Enthalpy relationship

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Computational biology is a rapidly progressing interdisciplinary field that applies computational techniques and algorithms to understand biological processes at a molecular, cellular, and systems level. It combines biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics to analyse vast biological data sets and simulate complex biological manifestations. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of computational biology, covering key methodologies, applications, challenges, and future directions. We study areas such as genomics, systems biology, and drug discovery, and highlight emerging trends such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in biological research. This study concludes with a discussion of the future scope of computational biology in addressing global health, environmental, and agricultural challenges.

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Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Biology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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the biosynthesis of SNPs is not only inexpensive but also environmentally friendly with little or no side effects. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against pathogens were carried out. SNPs were rapidly produced using leaf extract of the medicinal plant Cochlospermum religiosum and the formation of nanoparticles was observed within two minutes. The results recorded by UV-Visible spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscope analysis support the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. The UV-Visible spectrum has a peak at 260 nm and the difference in the size of spherical SNPs varies from 40 to 100 nm. In addition, the synthesized SNP showed effective inhibitory activity against pathogens Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium, Curvularia and Rhizopus. They are very toxic to Rhizopus followed by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium. Moderately toxic to Curvularia.

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Antibacterial activity, Cochlospermum religiosum, phytosynthesis, silver nanoparticles.

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The study on ethnic herbals used as antidote to snake bite by Yanadi, Yerukula and Lambadi tribal people of Tiruvur area provides information regarding nine herbal species of plants which comes from nine genera and seven Angiosperm families. Ethnic tribes of Tiruvuru mainly comprises of Yanadis, Yerukulas and Lambadis. The 9 plant species recorded against snake bite had shown that ethnic tribes were still depended on local vegetation for the care of their life, indeed.

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Antidote, Snake bite, Herbal medicine, Tiruvur, NTR district.

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Cycas beddomei Dyer., Cycadaceae) is a Gymnosperm of only living genus of Cycadaceae, enlisted as Critically Endangered (C.E) under IUCN Status of Red listed with confined (endemic) to Seshachalam Hill Ranges of Eastern Ghats. It is one of the medicinal plant with proven therapeutic studies against the specific selected bacteria is equal to that of the herbal uses of C. beddomei male and female cones as aphrodisiac, skin diseases, mosquito repellent, general debility, rheumatoid arthritis, wound healing, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal and tuberculosis. However, the leaves are not yet reported for the biological and phytochemical studies. Hence, the present study focused and on the determination of the in vitro antimicrobial properties of leaf extracts using organic solvents and aqueous extracts. The ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of leaf exhibited maximum inhibition, while petroleum ether expressed moderate activity. Water extract failed to inhibit the test organisms. The preliminary phytochemical studies also attempted reviled for the presence of important groups of secondary metabolites. The present study revealed the potential inhibition properties against the selected bacteria and one fungal strain.

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Cycas beddomei; Endemic plant; Antimicrobial activity, Preliminary or qualitative phytochemical screening

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that integrates concepts from biology, engineering, chemistry, and computer science to design and construct novel biological entities or redesign existing biological systems for specific, useful purposes. This field represents a paradigm shift in how we understand and manipulate life, enabling unprecedented control over biological processes. The origins of synthetic biology can be traced back to early 20th-century molecular biology and genetics, but it was not until the 1970s, with the advent of recombinant DNA technology, that the field truly began to take shape. Recombinant DNA technology enabled scientists to manipulate genetic material with precision, leading to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and laying the groundwork for modern synthetic biology. Today, synthetic biology is driving innovation across a wide range of sectors. In medicine, it promises to revolutionize drug development, gene therapy, and vaccine production by enabling the creation of more effective, personalized treatments. For instance, synthetic biology techniques have been used to engineer microorganisms to produce complex pharmaceuticals and to develop novel gene-editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, which allows precise modifications to the human genome. In agriculture, synthetic biology is being used to create genetically modified crops with improved yield, pest resistance, and nutritional content, as well as biofertilizers that enhance soil fertility without the need for chemical inputs. Environmental applications include the development of engineered microorganisms capable of bioremediation and biosensing, offering new tools for managing environmental pollution and sustainability. Additionally, synthetic biology is paving the way for sustainable energy solutions, such as biofuels produced by genetically modified organisms, and the production of bio-based materials like bioplastics. However, the rapid advancements in synthetic biology raise significant ethical, legal, and social challenges. Issues such as the potential risks of releasing GMOs into the environment, the moral status of synthetic life forms, and the equitable distribution of synthetic biology's benefits must be carefully managed. The future of synthetic biology will likely focus on refining tools and technologies, expanding applications, and addressing these ethical and social implications to ensure that the field develops in a safe, responsible, and equitable manner.

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Synthetic biology, Genetic engineering, CRISPR-Cas9, Recombinant DNA technology, Gene therapy, Bioremediation, Biofuels, Engineered probiotics, Metabolic engineering, and Synthetic vaccines

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The role of microbiota in health and diseases is being highlighted by numerous studies since its discovery. Depending on the localized regions, microbiota can be classified into gut, oral, respiratory, and skin microbiota. The microbial communities are in beneficial interaction with the have, contributing to homeostasis and directing resistant work. In any case, microbiota dysbiosis can lead to dysregulation of substantial capacities and illnesses counting cardiovascular infections (CVDs), cancers, respiratory illnesses, etc. In this audit, we talk about the current information of how microbiota joins to have wellbeing or pathogenesis. We to begin with summarize the investigate of microbiota in sound conditions, counting the gut-brain hub, colonization resistance and safe tweak. At that point, we highlight the pathogenesis of microbiota dysbiosis in illness advancement and movement, basically related with dysregulation of community composition, balance of have resistant reaction, and acceptance of constant aggravation. At last, we present the clinical approaches that utilize microbiota for infection treatment, such as microbiota balance and fecal microbial transplantation.

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Microbiota, cardio vascular diseases, gut brain axis.

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By conventional Melt - Quench method Ti doped borosilicate glasses prepared by varying the concentration of Na2O and K2O alkalis from 5% - 25% keeping the total concentration of two alkalis as 30% in all 5 samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM ) pictures and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrum (EDX) of Titanium doped borosilicate glasses and undoped glasses were recorded and their micro structure was analysed . From glass composition weight % and atomic Concentration % of elements was calculated and are in agreement with experimentally recorded EDX data.

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MICRO STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF GLASS SAMPLES USING SEM AND EDX CHARACTERISATION TECHNIQUES

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Antioxidants are vital substances that protect the body from damages caused by free radical-induced oxidative stress.A variety of natural antioxidants are found in plants.The plant phenolic compounds and flavonoids are the best natural antioxidants having significant efficiency.Flavonoids and phenolic compounds are strong antioxidants capable of scavenging free radicals,antiaging,anticancer activity and enhance human immunity. Plant based antioxidants are preferred in place of synthetic ones because of their non -toxic nature and effective mechanism of action.Many medicinal plants have ben subjected to assessment of their antioxidative potential.Diospyros is an important genus of Ebenaceae family with more than 500 species. Diospyros sylvatica is an endemic species available in Addatheegala forest a part of Eastern ghats.These species have drawn the attention of investigators by the presence of valuable phytochemicals in them

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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES DIOSPYROS SYLVATICAROXB

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In angiosperms, Orchidaceae is one of the most diverse family. Orchidaceae family members contain alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, stilbenoids. Orchinol, hircinol,cypripedin, jibantine,nidemin and loroglossin are some important phytochemicals are extracted from orchids.These plants are widely used in Indian and chinese medicines. Orchids contains active ingredients and are used in making medicines. Orchids have curative properties to cure many diseases. In the present study some of medicinal orchids production are briefly described.

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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINAL USES OF SOME COELOGYNE SPECIES (ORCHIDACEAE)

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Cissus quadrangularis is a common succulent perennial climber. It is also known as 'Hadjod', is a medicinal plant that has been extensively used in traditional herbal medicine, particularly in the Ayurvedic systems of healing. This review aims to consolidate recent advances in the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Cissus quadrangularis, focusing on its potential in treating bone-related disorders, metabolic conditions, and other ailments. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phytosterols, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anabolic properties. Research has demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing bone healing, reducing fractures, and improving bone mineral density, making it a promising candidate in osteoporosis treatment. Additionally, Cissus quadrangularis has shown potential in managing obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions, primarily through its modulation of lipid profiles and blood glucose levels. This review mainly highlights the therapeutic use of the plant. Despite its long-standing use in traditional medicine, further clinical studies and standardization of extracts are required to fully establish its efficacy and safety for broader medical applications.

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Cissusquadrangularis, Bone healing activity, Antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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1.1 Definition and Scope of Ecology and Evolution Ecology and evolution are two foundational disciplines within the biological sciences, providing critical insights into the diversity of life on Earth and the processes that sustain it. Ecology examines the relationships between organisms and their environments, focusing on the interactions that shape ecosystems and influence the distribution and abundance of species. Evolution, on the other hand, explores the mechanisms of change within species over time, driven by natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. Together, these fields offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamics of life on Earth, from the micro evolutionary changes within populations to the macro evolutionary patterns that define the tree of life.

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RECENT TRENDS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a transformative technology that is being used in almost every sector, including the healthcare. In the recent years, it has brought remarkable advancements in the field of medical science. From Virtual Health Assistants to life-threatening surgeries, we can notice the unseen hand of AI at work. AI algorithms have the potential to analyse and interpret vast amounts of complex genetic data of patients and help the medical practitioners to treat diseases more accurately and quickly. Developed countries are already leveraging artificial intelligence in critical surgeries and customized medicine development. In India, especially in the last decade, many start-up MedTech companies sprout up to deploy AI in Personalized medicine. Personalized medicine (PM) is also called as customized medicine, precision medicine or tailored medicine. The main objective of PM is to provide the fitting medicine to the right patient with the appropriate dose. In this paper, we describe the benefits of personalized medicine alongside with the growing role of AI in tailored drug development in Indian healthcare system.

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Artificial intelligence, precision medicine, Indian healthcare, tailored medicine, customized medicine

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Hyderabad, a rapidly growing metropolitan city in India, faces significant challenges due to climate change. This review examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on Hyderabad, focusing on temperature rise, altered precipitation patterns, water scarcity, urban flooding, and public health risks. Rising temperatures and more frequent heatwaves contribute to health hazards and energy demand surges, while erratic rainfall exacerbates water shortages and flood risks. Groundwater depletion and compromised drainage systems further amplify these issues. Additionally, climate change affects local biodiversity and increases socio-economic vulnerabilities, particularly in low-income communities. This review highlights the need for integrated mitigation and adaptation strategies, including resilient infrastructure, improved water management, enhanced public health systems, and a shift toward renewable energy. A holistic approach is essential for building climate resilience in Hyderabad and ensuring sustainable urban development.

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Urban flooding, Socio economic vulnerability, sustainable urban development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The recent floods in Vijayawada have exacerbated the issue of microplastic pollution in the Budameru Drain, leading to increased contamination in Kolleru Lake. This study investigates the predicted sources of microplastics, their effects on fish and human health, and provides future research directions for the region. The floods have intensified the flow of water, transporting more microplastics from urban, industrial, and agricultural areas into the Budameru Drain, subsequently raising the concentration of microplastics in Kolleru Lake, a vital habitat for diverse aquatic species. Urban runoff, industrial discharge, and agricultural practices are identified as primary sources of microplastics. The ingestion of microplastics by fish can result in physical blockages, reduced feeding efficiency, internal injuries, and chemical toxicity due to the accumulation of toxic substances on microplastics, adversely affecting fish health and reproduction. Human health is also at risk through the consumption of fish contaminated with microplastics, which may expose humans to harmful chemicals and pathogens. Future research should focus on comprehensive studies of microplastic sources and pathways, long-term monitoring of microplastic levels in water bodies, and their impact on aquatic life. Additionally, developing mitigation strategies to reduce microplastic pollution, such as improved waste management practices and public awareness campaigns, is crucial. This paper aims to provide a foundation for understanding the complex dynamics of microplastic pollution in the region and to guide future efforts in mitigating its adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health.

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Microplastic pollution, Budameru Drain, Kolleru Lake, fish health, human health, mitigation strategies.

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Kolleru Lake, a Ramsar site in India, serves not only as an ecological hotspot but also as a critical carbon sink. Characterized by a diverse range of aquatic and marshy vegetation, this wetland supports significant carbon sequestration capabilities through notable species such as Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Typha angustifolia (Cattail), and Echinocloa crus-galli (Barnyard Grass) etc. This research paper examines the role of carbon-sequestering plants in Kolleru Lake, outlining their contributions to carbon storage, biodiversity support, and water quality improvement. Utilizing a combination of field studies and ecological assessments, this study explores how these plants function within the wetland ecosystem. The findings indicate that Kolleru Lake can sequester organic carbon at rates significantly higher than many terrestrial habitats, primarily due to the unique hydrological and sediment conditions present in wetlands. The removal of invasive species or unsustainable management practices jeopardizes these carbon storage potentials, emphasizing the need for conservation strategies. The paper concludes with recommendations for preserving these essential ecosystems while enhancing carbon sequestration capabilities, ultimately contributing to climate change mitigation efforts.

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Kolleru Lake, Carbon Sequestration, Aquatic Vegetation, Climate Change Mitigation, Biodiversity, Wetland Ecosystem

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The comprehensive application of pesticides in agricultural practices to meet the food demand of growing world population resulted in accumulation of these pesticides into abiotic environment and biotic entities at different hierarchical levels. These toxic chemical substances are highly carcinogenic and a necessary step should be taken to control the application into agricultural practices. In the present study, the soil samples were collected from 8 different agricultural soils (primarily vegetable crops) of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India during post harvesting time and to evaluate multiresidue pesticides qualitatively using QuickEasy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS)-Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (dSPE) clean up combined Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The physiochemical parameter analysis of all soil samples revealed no observed large-scale variation among all study sites. The GC-MS analysis showed presence of 5 major pesticide compounds namely Terbufos (Organophosphate insectide), Propiconazole (Triazole fungicide), Tebuconazole (Triazole fungicide) Cypermethrin (Pyrethroid insecticide) and Diclofop-methyl (Herbicide). It is evident that the use of restricted pesticides in agricultural operations is still ongoing, and it is essential to regulate this at the fundamental level of agriculture.

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Pesticides, Agricultural Soils, QuEChERS-dSPE cleanup, GC-MS

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Plant cryopreservation, Developed methods

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