Volume 8 | Issue 7

 Abstract

In the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally sound energy alternatives, biodiesel has emerged as a promising candidate to replace conventional fossil fuels. This paper provides an in-depth examination of biodiesel, encompassing its production process, environmental ramifications, economic feasibility, and associated challenges. Biodiesel, primarily sourced from renewable feedstocks such as vegetable oils and animal fats, undergoes transesterification, yielding fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Notably, biodiesel offers substantial environmental benefits, including reduced emissions of pollutants and potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions owing to its renewable feedstock origin. However, its economic viability hinges on various factors such as feedstock availability, production costs, and the regulatory landscape, with government incentives playing a crucial role in fostering market competitiveness. Despite the promise biodiesel holds, challenges persist. These encompass feedstock sourcing, distribution infrastructure limitations, and technical compatibility issues with existing diesel engines. Nonetheless, biodiesel presents opportunities beyond environmental and economic realms. It has the potential to enhance energy security by reducing dependency on imported fossil fuels while simultaneously stimulating rural development through localized production and employment generation, especially in agricultural communities. Looking ahead, technological advancements, supportive policy frameworks, and collaborative efforts are essential to address existing barriers and accelerate the integration of biodiesel into the global energy portfolio. Such endeavors are vital for realizing the full potential of biodiesel in contributing to a sustainable and resilient energy future. Thus, this paper underscores the significance of biodiesel as a viable alternative to conventional fuels and underscores the need for concerted action to unlock its benefits while navigating its associated challenges.

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Biodiesel, alternative fuel, renewable energy, sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions, energy security

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Kamala Markandaya's "Nectar in a Sieve" paints a poignant portrait of life in rural India through the eyes of Rukmani, a woman forced to navigate a harsh and ever-changing world. The title itself, "Nectar in a Sieve," serves as a powerful metaphor for the fleeting nature of happiness and security amidst constant struggle. The novel explores several themes, but resilience and loss stand out as central to Rukmani's journey. Rukmani embodies the unwavering spirit of a survivor. From the hardships of village life to the devastating blows of famine, illness, and the loss of loved ones, she demonstrates remarkable strength and adaptability. Her unwavering commitment to her family and the land becomes her anchor, pushing her to endure the harshest circumstances. The novel is marked by a relentless cycle of loss. Rukmani experiences the death of children, the displacement of her community, and the erosion of traditional values. Each loss chips away at her sense of stability, forcing her to confront the harsh realities of a changing world. However, these losses also serve as catalysts for change. They push Rukmani to venture beyond the confines of her village, seek new opportunities, and embrace a more modern way of life. Markandaya masterfully portrays how resilience and loss are intricately linked in Rukmani's life. Each loss becomes a source of strength, shaping her into a more resolute and resourceful individual. Yet, the constant struggle takes its toll, leaving an undercurrent of grief and longing for a simpler, more secure existence.

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Rural, Grief, Struggle, Resilience

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Modern astronomy stands at the forefront of scientific exploration, offering profound insights into the vast cosmos that surrounds us. This paper explores the latest advancements in observational techniques, theoretical frameworks, and technological innovations driving the field forward. From the discovery of exoplanets and the characterization of their atmospheres to the probing of distant galaxies and the study of cosmic evolution, astronomers continue to push the boundaries of our understanding. Moreover, groundbreaking collaborations between international research institutions and space agencies have enabled unprecedented discoveries, shedding light on fundamental questions about the origins, composition, and fate of the universe. This abstract provides a glimpse into the captivating world of astronomy, showcasing its pivotal role in unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos and inspiring wonder and curiosity about our place in the universe.

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astronomy, universe.

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This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the dual nature of AI that can be helpful for the security measures of data against cyberattacks as well as AI as a new brand of cyber threat. With the continued fast development of AI technology, its applications in cybersecurity also become more and more popular, which can enable organizations to have more advanced abilities to spot, block and react to cyber threats with amazing speed and accuracy than ever. Notwithstanding the merits , the spread of AI also brings with it new risks , as the number of bad actors who are leveraging advanced AI techniques to devise complex cyber attack vectors is increasing at an alarming rate [1]. This paper examines the compositional question between AI technology and cyber threats, which is complicated and multifaceted, and that covers the challenges and complexities associated with comprehending and mitigating AI-powered cyber threats. The focus of the paper is to apply a critical evaluation of the literature and research to the changing terrain of AI-based cyber threats and defenses. AI is the catalyst, and it is virtually invincible in the sense that it gets adapted every time it is detected. Also, there are endless possibilities for change when it comes to AI cyber attacks, and they can take the form of adversarial machine learning and AI-enabled social engineering, among other things [1]. The paper then scrutinizes mitigation procedures and top cybersecurity practices that are devised to curb emerging cyber threats including anomaly detection, behavior analysis and adversarial robustness benchmarks. This paper aims to provide a refined view on AI risks and opportunities in cybersecurity and, in such a way, inform the strategic decision-making and guide the efforts towards cyber resilience development in an increasingly AI-intensive environment.

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 Keywords

Cyber Security, cyber threats, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Defense, Threat mitigation, IT systems, IT architecture, Threat Detection, Incident Response, Adaptive Strategies, Cybersecurity.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate some properties of a Kenmotsu manifold admitting a non-symmetric non-metric connection. We study some properties of a Riemannian curvature tensor on a Kenmotsu manifold admitting a non-symmetric non-metric connection. Further, we also study Ricci solitonon a Kenmotsu manifold admitting a non-symmetric non-metric connection.

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Kenmotsu manifold, non-symmetric non-metric connection, curvature tensor, Ricci tensor, scalar curvature, Ricci solitons

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The study sought to examine the responses received from the students to determine if there were differences in students' perceptions with respect to student-teacher relationships, assurance of justice and fairness by teachers. The study is based on primary data collected trough purposive sampling done in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh. Secondary data have also been used wherever found necessary. Various Statistical tests like independent sample t test, ANOVA, Levins test, Welch & Brown-Forsythe test have been applied in this study. Results revealed that there is no evidence of any gender or cast discrimination by teachers while teaching in intermediate schools as for as students' perception is concerned

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Gender, Social, Discrimination, Students' Perception

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This Distributed generation (DG) is becoming more important due to the increase in the demands for electrical energy. Distribution system loss reduction is one of the prime objectives for planning of distributed generation. To minimize the losses, optimal sizing and location of distributed generation (DG) is critically important. In this thesis, the optimal DG placement and sizing problem is investigated using single-objective optimization problem, where the systems power losses are considered as the objective to be minimized. These problems are formulated as constrained linear optimization problems using the Sequential Quadratic Programming method (SQP). The proposed method is demonstrated on IEEE-15 bus and IEEE-33 bus radial distribution systems extensively used as examples in solving the optimal location and sizing problem of distributed generators. Simulation results with the DG shows improvement in terms of voltage profile enhancement and power losses reduction are obtained satisfactorily.

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Optimal Location, Distributed Generation (DG), Sequential Quadratic Programming method (SQP), Voltage profile enhancement

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The present study is focused on the diversity of biotic / plankton components (phytoplankton and zooplankton) and a correlation with water quality parameters. The objectives of this study are 1) Estimation of Physiochemical parameters of different sites. 2) Quantification of Zooplankton and Phytoplankton of different sites. 3) Comparative analysis of biotic (Planktons) and abiotic (Physico-chemical) parameters of different sites. During the study, survey application was done for sampling water and planktons. Analysis of water and identification of planktons was done in the College laboratory with the help of standard methods and Keys & Catalogues respectively. For the analysis of water different parameters like Temperature, pH, Conductivity, DO, CO2, Alkalinity and Hardness were considered. When a relationship between plankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters of water was made, it was found that physical parameter i.e., temperature and chemical parameter i.e., alkalinity had good effect on the quantitative abundance of planktons. Chemical parameters, such as pH and hardness showed negative relation with the growth of planktons.

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Physico-Chemical Parameters, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton

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Social marketing requires coordinated approaches both upstream and downstream. Social marketing campaigns need to be sustained over time to create change at a cultural or societal level. There are many examples of how social marketing campaigns have successfully changed normative attitudes in recent years. A marketing planning approach does not guarantee that the social objectives will be achieved, or that the costs will be acceptable. Yet social marketing appears to represent a bridging mechanism which links the behavioral scientist's knowledge of human behavior with the socially useful implementation of what that knowledge allows.

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Social Marketing, Ethics, Behavior, Marketing, Social Objective

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Vishnugupta also prominently known as Kautilya or Chanakya (c. 350 - 283 B.C.E.), was born in Taxila, Pakisthan, was word renowned polymath from ancient India who worked as a scholar, writer, strategist, philosopher, economist, lawyer, and royal counsellor. He played the vital role in advising Chandragupta during his conquests and his ascend to the throne of Patliputra to lay the foundation of the Maurya Empire. It is astounding to learn that Kautilya in his works Arthashastra, Nitishastra and Chanakya-niti extensively outlined many concepts found in contemporary management theories. The goal of this study is to get understanding from Kautilya's management lessons

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Stylistic analysis, narrative transformation, Tzevatatn Todorov, Pride and Prejudice

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JUSTICE IN ISLAM:ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE DURING THE KHILAFAH OF SAYYIDUN? `UTHMAN B. `AFFAN (RADI ALLAHU `ANHU) (24-36 A.H. / 644-656 A. D.) AND REFUTATION OF SOME OF THE ALLEGATIONS AGAINST HIM.

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JUSTICE IN ISLAM:ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE DURING THE KHILAFAH OF SAYYIDUN? `UTHMAN B. `AFFAN (RADI ALLAHU `ANHU) (24-36 A.H. / 644-656 A. D.) AND REFUTATION OF SOME OF THE ALLEGATIONS AGAINST HIM.

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The problem of traffic congestion is a phenomenon that has made a huge contribution to the country's transportation system. It creates uncertainty particularly when there are emergency cases at junctions of traffic signals which are often busy with a lot of vehicles. To solve those problems, a traffic light controller system is designed. This system was designed to work while receiving signal from emergency vehicles based on radio frequency (RF) transmission and used the PIC AT89C51 microcontroller to reset the sequence to the normal sequence before activating the emergency mode. This device would mitigate collisions that frequently occur at the intersections of traffic light due to other vehicles needing to huddle to provide a special path to emergency vehicles. As a result, this project has successfully analyzed and implemented wireless communication; the radio frequency (RF) transmission in emergency vehicle traffic light control system. This project's system uses the 434 MHz frequency and works with traffic light sequence mode as emergency vehicles move through an intersection and reset the sequence back to normal sequence before the emergency mode is triggered. This test device can be enhanced in the future by monitoring the real traffic situation, in turn improving existing traffic light system technology.

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Micro controller, Radio Frequency, Traffic Light.

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Abstract In the field of pedagogical practices, two aspects have been studied with great interest. Educators have long been researching how to make classroom delivery effective in the 21st century. In this context, the difference between LCT and TCT has been studied for the long time. Some scholars have emphasized on TCT while many other scholars educators have emphasized on LCT. TCT is a very old and prevalent teaching and learning method. This method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Due to this reason this method is still prevalent today and many classrooms are being used unhindered. But philosophers such as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, and Dewy have criticized TCT and advocated for LCT. Now, it is important to be clear about the difference between LCT and TCT. This study also attempts to clarify the differences between the two teaching methods. This article is prepared on the basis of in-depth study of various articles, research reports, books, various levels theses, etc. published in different literatures over the past few years, as well as my own long teaching-learning experience. In the present article, topic such as: learning theories: from teacher-centered to learner-centered; TCT-characteristics; teacher-centered classrooms, teacher-centered pedagogy; LCT-characteristics, learner-centered classrooms, learner-centered pedagogy and comparison and contrast between TCT and LCT have been analyzed and described from the different perspectives.

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Keywords: Teacher centred teaching; learner centred teaching; similarities in TCT and LCT; difference between TCT and LCT; teaching; learning

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A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON UGC NET ASPIRANTS

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A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON UGC NET ASPIRANTS

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Shailesh, Dalit, Chetna

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Popular and conventional discourses conceptualize poverty as an economic condition merely characterized by inadequacy of income to individuals or households. This is in fact a subsistence view of poverty. Recent thought and policy processes have gradually transcended such a mundane and dominantly growth oriented � poverty line - meaning of poverty. Nowadays poverty is a human condition that is more than mere material inadequacy. It is considered to be inadequacy of �capability� and a condition of �disadvantage�. As an inadequacy of capability it is a condition of deprivation that results in making people incapable to fend and obtain their material as well as social entitlements needed for both subsistence and progress. Secondly the approach to poverty as a condition of �disadvantage�, identifies five types of disadvantages namely: �lack of assets� covering material possessions (including resources), �physical weakness� resulting from malnutrition and inadequate health care, �isolation� resulting from information asymmetry � inability to access knowledge, �vulnerability� due to social de facto absence of rights orchestrated structurally by centers of wealth and power and ultimately, �powerlessness�. In sum these modern approaches to the concept of poverty surely appear comprehensive consisting of �entitlements, empowerment, minority rights, protection of plural cultures and human development.� The commonality of both the perspectives is that poverty is not merely economic (material) but also social and political, that is poverty includes material and non-material deprivation. It implies the transition of the poverty concept from a growth perspective to a development perspective. Hence anti poverty policy prescriptions must visualize the condition of poverty and the poor in all the three dimensions and the process chosen and eventually implemented must accommodate all the three sets of challenges.

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Challenges, Poverty, Material inadequacy, Women empowerment

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The partition of Bengal 1905 and its annulment in 1911 was a momentous event in the history of India in general and Bengal in particular. This partition issue awoke the Bengal Muslims to the consciousness of reorienting their political ideas and to rebuild their political organization to meet the changing challenges. After the revolt of 1857 Muslim moved backward in the political arena although Mohammedan Literary Society of Anwar Abdul Latif, Central Mohammedan Literary Society of Sayed Amir Ali and the Aligarh Movement of Sir Sayed Ahmed created some kind of awareness among the Muslims. However, Ulemas of Bengal remained far from all these organizations and associations. The issue of the partition of Bengal approached them towards their future political career.

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THE PARTITION OF BENGAL AND THE RESPONSES OF ULEMA

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Ebola virus disease, formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe disease which is often fatal in humans if untreated. Ebola was first identified as a possible new �strain� of the Marburg virus in 1976 which caused two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara (South Sudan) and the other in Yambuku (DRC). The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) identified Ebola virus as species, Zaire Ebola Virus which belongs to the family Filoviridae. Ebola virus contains a Negative-sense, single stranded RNA and it encodes for seven different proteins including one extrinsic protein, glycoprotein and six different intrinsic proteins, VP24, VP35, VP24, VP40, VP30, Nucleoproteins, L-polymerase. EBOV infection obstructs DC maturation without inducing cytokine expression, leading to impaired T-cell proliferation. Whereas macrophages produce selective proinflammatory cytokines and certain tissue factor which attract additional target cells that in turn induces vasodilation and causes vascular permeability and disseminated intravascular coagulation. There are a few treatment methods which have been proven effective against the Zaire EBOV and some monoclonal antibody-based drugs have also been used. Only one FDA approved vaccine, rVSV ZBOV is available.

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Ebola virus, Filovirus Hemorrhagic fever, intrinsic proteins, monoclonal antibodies.

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Essentially, most of cars use 4 to 5 lug nuts to fix wheels on cars. The traditional way to change a car�s wheel tire is to unscrew the locking lug nuts one by one using a lug wrench. However, sometimes it can be so exhausting and time consuming. In this project our aim is to design and fabrication of four wheel nut removing hand operated tool for tightening and removing of four nuts in one stroke. With the increment of number of car on the road, the number of cars problem due to tyre failure has increased. Often, the car is provided with tyre wheel nuts remover and jack for instance spare tyre replacement. Nevertheless, due to difficulty in applying torque to remove nut and to save a time. We develop tool having a gear planetary mechanism. In our project we are tried to focus on the minimization of human effort for fixing all for nuts of 120mm PCD wheel in one time. The main objective of work is to develop a single tool, which can be made use during assembling and disassembling of wheels in automobiles. It can be successfully used as standard tool irrespective of the model of the vehicle. Also it can be used garages, workshops and service stations. The remover is designed to be ergonomic to be used, easy maintenance, easy storage, easy to handled and able to remove all nuts at once.

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vehicle wheels,nut-tightner,

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