Volume 12 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Air pollutants have been investigated to be associated with many health issues. Recently, epidemiological studies have been suggested the association between air pollution exposure and risk of frailty with inconsistent findings. This meta-analysis and review was to summarize and evaluate the effects of exposure to various air pollutants on risk of frailty. PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies published before May 15, 2024. Studies that explored the potential relationship between exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NOx, solid fuel, second hand tobacco) and risk of frailty were included. The quality of cross-sectional and cohort studies was evaluated using an eight-item assessment instrument for epidemiological studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, respectively. A total of 9,717 papers were retrieved, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis indicated that PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with frailty assessed by the frailty index [OR (90% CI): 1.24 (1,11-1.38) per 10 ?g/m3 increment]. Moreover, solid fuel exposures were significantly associated with an increased risk of frailty assessed by the frailty phenotype [OR (90% CI): 1.91 (1.09-3.34)] or the frailty index [OR (90% CI): 1.25 (1.11-1.41)]. Exposure to PM2.5 and solid fuel increases the risk of frailty. Environmental protection policies and public health measures should be developed to reduce PM2.5 concentrations. Effective measures, such as improving stoves and using clean fuels, should be taken to reduce indoor air pollution levels.

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EXPOSURE ON FRAILTY RISK: META-ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

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Vijayawada, located in Andhra Pradesh, India, faces recurrent flooding during the monsoon season, which severely disrupts both human life and local wildlife habitats. This study explores the cascading ecological consequences of these floods, particularly focusing on snake populations that are vital for maintaining biodiversity. Flood-related habitat destruction not only forces snakes into urban areas, leading to increased human-snake conflicts and injuries but also causes a surge in rodent populations due to disrupted predator-prey dynamics. These changes create significant public health risks, including potential disease outbreaks linked to heightened encounters between humans and snakes, as well as increased rodent-borne illnesses. The study synthesizes relevant literature to highlight the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies, including habitat restoration, enhanced community education, infrastructure improvements, and health system strengthening against the backdrop of flooding. Recommendations propose multifaceted solutions that incorporate community participation and effective wildlife management to ensure environmental sustainability and public health safety. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of ecological and public health issues in flood-prone areas, necessitating a comprehensive approach to tackle the long-term challenges posed by flooding in Vijayawada and similar regions.

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Flooding, Ecology, Snakes, Public Health, Human-Wildlife Conflict, Biodiversity

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In India, orchids are distributed in North Western Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats. North Western Himalayas comprises the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The topography of North Western Himalayas region is regular and intercepted by valleys and plateaus of various extent and as such the stratification is not clear. Western Ghats includes the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This region also consists of valleys and plateaus. Eastern ghats States or Odisha Andhra Pradesh Telangana Karnataka, Tamil Nadu consists of valleys and plateaus. In these regions there is a great diversity in the floristic pattern due to great altitudinal variation. The orchidaceae family exhibits enormous diversity. In this paper different regions in India, richness of the orchid diversity and their conservation strategies are suggested.

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Orchidaceae, Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, species richness, conservation strategies.

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Animal Sciences and Plant Sciences are fascinating fields where scientists are making incredible progress and unravelling information regarding cellular functions, signalling pathways and molecular causes of diseases. Behind these victories we find the dedication and hard work of many scientists who are exchanging ideas and information at a faster rate as the world has become a global village. Several advances have taken place in various branches of Biological Sciences in recent years which are discussed in detail below

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RECENT TRENDS IN ANIMAL SCIENCES AND PLANT SCIENCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

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Organic farming is a production system, which substantially reduces the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. Organic farming is a holistic agricultural system that enhances soil quality. Jeevamrutham is a traditional organic fertilizer and soil conditioner derived from natural ingredients such as cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, gram flour, and water. It's a concoction rich in beneficial microorganisms, nutrients, and organic matter, widely used in organic farming to enhance soil fertility, promote plant growth and improve crop yield. Hibiscus sabdariffa, annual herbaceous shrub belongs to the family malvaceae, commonly known as Roselle. It is widely used as leafy vegetable having rich nutrients besides therapeutic characteristics included antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, uricosuric, and anemia-treating effects. The study investigates that application of jeevamrutham on Hibiscus sabdariffa enhanced the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, EC, N, P, K and organic carbon content. The quantity of Photosynthetic Pigments, Carbohydrates and Proteins are also increased in addition to an increase in biomass, shoot length, root length, number of branches and leaves. This finding suggests that Jeevamrutham can be efficiently used as organic fertilizer to improve growth, development and yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa.

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Organic Farming, Jeevamrutham, Soil Fertility, Yield, Hibiscus sabdariffa

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Our country is based on coal for energy production will give rise to huge quantity of fly ash which leads to environmental pollution, especially in causing respiratory diseases due to its small size light weight. Now, it is being utilised in manufly ashcturing building materials like bricks etc. But a very small quantity is being used and rest is disposed of in ash lagoons, which poses problem in the form of land use, health hazards and environmental dangers. Hence the is a need to manage the rest of the fly ash waste to protect the environment. As fly ash has unique physical and chemical properties, it can be utilised for agriculture also. As our country is second largest in the world and has consistently been the highest contributor to agriculture. Hence, our country can try to change its challenge of fly ash pollution as an opportunity of utilising it for agriculture. Hence the author made an attempt to bring awareness among the people in this aspect of utilising fly ash for agriculture.

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Using fly ash in Agriculture: Converting a Difficult Situation into an Opportunity

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Java plum (Syzygiumcumini), also known as Jamun, is a tropical fruit with significant medicinal properties. This study explores the potential of Java plum in controlling blood glucose levels, focusing on its bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, clinical studies, and therapeutic uses. Background: Diabetes mellitus is a growing health concern worldwide, and natural remedies are increasingly being explored for its management. Black plum (Java plum), a traditional Ayurvedic medicine, has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties.

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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF BLACK PLUM (JAVA PLUM) TO CONTROL BLOOD GLUCOSE

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective role of vitamin C on Cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Healthy 40 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 8 animals each. Group I served as control and administered with saline and group II and III were administered with Cypermethrin at a dose of 50mg and 100mg/kg BW respectively. Group IV administered with vitamin C alone at a dose of 60mg/kg BW orally and group V administered with both Cypermethrin(100mg/kg BW) and vitamin C(60mg/kg BW)for 60 days. After the treatment rats were sacrificed and isolated the reproductive organs immediately for biochemical analysis. The body weights of rats did not show any significant change in all groups. Whereas the weights of reproductive organs were significantly decreased in Cypermethrin administered groups. Treatment with Cypermethrin significantly decreased epididymal sperm count, viable sperms and motile sperms with a significant reduction in the testicular steroidogenic enzymes (3?-HSD and 17 ? HSD) activities. Histoarchitechture of testis of rats administered with cypermethrin showed degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules with reduced size, increased interstitial spaces, and inhibited spermatogenesis. Where as co-administration of Vitamin C with Cypermethrin showed a significant improvement in the weights of reproductive organs, sperm count, sperm viability and motility. The co-treatment of vitamin C also significantly increased the activity levels of steroidogenic enzymes and it restored the structural integrity of testicular architecture in Cypermethrin intoxicated rats. The present study indicating the protective role of vitamin C against cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity in male rats.

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Cypermethrin, Vitamin C, Male fertility, Spermatogenesis, Steroidogenesis

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Sustainable agriculture involves practices that are environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially responsible. Millets possess drought and climate resilience, and water and resource efficiency. Millet cultivation helps to meet the UN's goal of sustainable agriculture and food security (UN General Assembly, 2015). Although millet themselves do not contain live probiotic organisms, they act as prebiotics, which are nutrients that feed and support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Millets may be the best solution for the problem of hunger, food security, and loss of agrobiodiversity. This review focuses on the scope of Millet as a future crop in sustainable agriculture and as a source of probiotics

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Millets, Sustainable agriculture, Prebiotics, Biodiversity of crops

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Nanobiotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in the development of personalized medicine, particularly in the treatment of breast cancer1. Among the innovative techniques, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using biological materials has gained attention due to its eco-friendly, cost-effective, and efficient methods. Tinospora cordifolia1, a medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties, has shown potential in the green synthesis of AuNPs. This review explores the synthesis of AuNPs from Tinospora cordifolia extracts and their application in breast cancer therapy2. By leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, and surface modification capabilities, these biologically synthesized nanostructures offer promising prospects in targeted drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy3. The integration of such nanomaterials into personalized treatment regimens could significantly enhance the precision, efficacy, and safety of breast cancer therapies, paving the way for more effective and less toxic treatment options. This review highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future directions in utilizing Tinospora cordifolia-derived gold nanoparticles in personalized breast cancer treatment4-6.

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Nanobiotechnology, breast cancer, personalized medicine, gold nanoparticles, Tinospora cordifolia, green synthesis, targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, cancer nanomedicine, biocompatibility

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Sericulture, the practice of rearing silkworms for silk production, has been a significant agricultural activity for centuries. In recent years, advances in silkworm breeding, rearing practices, and silk production technologies have revolutionized the industry, making it more efficient, sustainable, and versatile. Key advancements in silkworm genetics, including selective breeding and genetic modification, have led to strains with enhanced silk yield, disease resistance, and superior fibre quality. Improved rearing techniques, such as optimized environmental controls and feed formulations, have further boosted productivity and reduced the impact of silkworm diseases. On the production front, novel approaches in silk processing, including bioengineering and nano-silk technologies, have expanded the applications of silk beyond textiles into fields like biomedicine and materials science. This review also addresses the environmental and economic implications of these innovations, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in sericulture. By integrating these advancements, the sericulture industry is poised to meet increasing global demand while contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.

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Sericulture, Silkworm Breeding, Silkworm rearing and silk production.

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The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has garnered significant attention due to its eco-friendly and sustainable approach. This review focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangrove leaf extracts, a promising green route for nanoparticle production. Mangroves, known for their rich bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols, serve as excellent reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of AgNPs. The review provides an overview of the key techniques used for the characterization of these nanoparticles, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It also highlights the biological applications of AgNPs synthesized from mangrove leaves, particularly their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Additionally, the review explores the potential of these biogenic AgNPs in environmental and biomedical applications. This green synthesis method offers a viable alternative to conventional chemical approaches, promoting sustainability while producing nanoparticles with diverse biological activities.

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Mangroves, Leaf extract, Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities.

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Microgreens term is used to grow various commercial crops like leafy vegetables. Its high demand in this current world due to presence of proteins, vitamins, LDL rich components in their chemical composition. These plantlets are harvested within two to three weeks. They are highly demanded for their nutrients rich source, concentrated flavours as well as their vibrant colours. Recently they are used in vegetables and fruit salads. They contain ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, folate, tocotreinols, phylloquinones, anthocyanin, glycosylates etc. Microgreens are small sprouts with 10cm length and growing without soil and water. These have significant potential to enhance high concentrate of beneficial compounds. They are having high nutritional value because of their secondary metabolites and commercial potential recent progress and perspectives related to production, postharvest techniques and preservation of microgreens. This paper will give an overall fact about microgreens production, harvesting, preservation. Green gram, wheat grass, chia seeds, fenugreek length of microgreens calculated, temperature, light availability, moisture physics parameters also calculated to optimum values, they grown upto 15cm and the physical parameters like LED (420447) blue LED production enhanced light intensity high production also increased, below 400 C temperature with less moisture increase the growth of microgreens. The shelf life is increased when they kept in 40 C for 6 days without moisture and are wrapped with polythene cover.

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LDL, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, anthocyanin, glycosylates

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A microbial biosensor combines a physical transducer and one or more microorganisms to produce a quantifiable signal that is proportionate to the quantity of analyses. Recently, a wide range of microbial biosensors for use in food, medicine, and the environment have been developed Microbial biosensors have numerous advantages in ecotoxicity testing. Microorganisms are generally cheaper to culture than higher organisms, and they can be produced in large batches, subjected to stringent quality control procedures, and freeze dried for storage. Cyano-bacterial biosensors for detecting herbicides represent an innovative application of biotechnology. These biosensors use cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to sense the presence of herbicides, leveraging their natural biological processes to produce measurable signals. Various biological constituents, including enzymes, cells, and organelles, as well as luminous cyanobacterial biosensors that are taken into consideration in this review, have been immobilized on suitable transducer surfaces in biosensors designed for herbicide detection.

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Ecotoxicity luciferase, Immunosensors, Biosenssors, Atrazine

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 Abstract

The changes in the environment in the 21st century are questioning the survival of the human species. Now the Era of Global Warming has ended and the Era of Global Boiling has begun. This era started from 2023 and since then the temperatures have been recorded high worldwide. As a result of the changes in the environment, high rainfall i.e. cloudbursts, artificial rainfalls through cloud seeding methods in rainless areas, tsunamis, melting of glaciers, sudden floods and super cyclones are occurring. In the past, the 2015 Paris climate agreement required every country to bring global warming to net zero carbon emissions. Accordingly, a specific deadline has been established to reduce carbon emissions. Non-fossil fuel sources for this. Due to the increase in carbon emissions, we are seeing frequent forest fires, powerful typhoons, sky-high floods, tornadoes, droughts and tsunamis in the world. Mountain and Arctic,Antarktika ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change. Warming of ocean waters due to global warming is likely to affect some species in Extinction. Especially in regions like the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland, the warming of the climate will not only lead to the melting of ice caps and rise in sea levels, but also to food shortages and loss of habitat for some species. If these levels of pollution continue to increase, the Amazon forests will also disappear. Ice Mountains melt and sea levels rise by a few meters. Due to this many countries will disappear and coastal areas will submerge. It causes food shortage. Habitat problems arise. Some species become extinct. As the ice mountains melt, new viruses emerge. Then human survival becomes questionable. Statistics show that 84 thousand people die in India every year due to high temperatures. Due to the lock downs during the corona time, the balance in the environment was established and the percentage of carbon emissions dropped significantly, we were able to get the environment necessary for the survival of humans and animals. Changes in climate are greatly affecting biodiversity worldwide. Changes in the current climate system in India are impacting various ecosystems, affecting key sectors such as natural ecosystems including water resources, agriculture, forestry, health and industrial sectors.

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Global Boiling, Biodiversity, Habitation, High Temperatures, Net zero carbon emissions

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Medical waste, a by-product of healthcare activities, has emerged as a significant concern in recent years due to its potential impact on both human health and the environment. Medical waste encompasses a wide range of materials often leading to inadequate disposal methods that pose serious risks to public health and ecological balance and global health crises. One of the primary concerns associated with medical waste is its potential to spread infectious diseases. Improperly dispose, can cause injuries and even the general public, potentially transmitting blood-borne like HIV and hepatitis. The toxins released from heavy metals can persist in the environment for extended periods, contaminating soil and water sources. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that incineration of medical waste is known carcinogens and can cause reproductive and developmental problems in humans and wildlife. Improper disposal of expired or unused medications can lead to their presence in water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and potentially entering the human food chain. Hazardous substances can leach into the soil, ecosystems and agricultural productivity. Radioactive waste from medical procedures, poses unique challenges. We can mitigate the risks associated with medical waste and work towards a healthier, more sustainable future.

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Medical waste, WHO, pathogens, Radioactive waste

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Flight is one of the most extraordinary adaptations in the animal kingdom, enabling organisms to explore ecological niches that would otherwise be inaccessible. This chapter delves into the comparative study of flight evolution in birds and insects, two distinct groups that independently developed this ability through different evolutionary pathways. The analysis begins with a review of fossil evidence, tracing the origins of flight in insects back to the Carboniferous period, while bird flight is explored within the context of theropod dinosaurs. The chapter then examines the anatomical adaptations that support flight in these groups. Insects utilize a combination of direct and indirect flight muscles to power their membranous wings, which are supported by a network of veins. In contrast, birds have evolved complex feathered wings, driven by large pectoral muscles attached to a keeled sternum, and supported by lightweight, hollow bones. The respiratory adaptations necessary for sustained flight are also explored, with insects relying on a tracheal system and birds on a highly efficient lung-air sac system. Biomechanical analysis reveals that insects rely on unsteady aerodynamics, generating lift through leading-edge vortices, while birds employ a mix of steady and unsteady flight mechanics, allowing for energy-efficient soaring and high-maneuverability flapping. The chapter also discusses the ecological roles that flight has afforded these groups, from pollination and predation to migration and seed dispersal. This comparative approach not only highlights the convergent evolution of flight but also underscores the diverse strategies that have evolved to meet similar functional demands. By integrating up-to-date research, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how flight has shaped the evolutionary trajectories and ecological success of birds and insects, offering insights into broader evolutionary processes and the dynamics of adaptation.

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Evolution, Flight, Birds, Insects, Comparative Studies, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Fossil Record, Convergent Evolution, Adaptation

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In our previous studies 2,6 -Dichloro quinone -4- Chloroimide(Gibbs reagent) used as a mild oxidizing agent with various substrates. In our present study we are presenting the reaction rates of permethrin by Gibbs reagent. Generally Permethrin used in medications and insecticide .Permethrin generally used in agricultural field and veterinary medicine . It is a pale brown water insoluble substance. Its molecular formula is 391.29.Permethrin is a blend of stereo isomers .The reactions are consecutive : the first stage of oxidation of permethrin is by [OH-] and the second stage of oxidation is by 2,6-Dichloroquinone. The reactions are found to be first order in oxidant and first order in substrate. The reactions were independent of [OH-].The rate of reaction is increased with increasing the temperature .Majority of the reactions studied at room temperature. The mechanism is likely to involve atwo stepoxidation reaction to generate a p-quinoid species. A blue colour Gibbs -permethrincomplex is formed after completion of the reaction. A suitable mechanism is postulated to explain the result .

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Permethrin -Gibbs reagent - p-quinoid species- two step oxidation -Gibbs -permethrin complex

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Recent advances in biopharmaceuticals promise a bright future for medicine by providing innovative solutions for disease treatment and prevention. These drugs are derived from living organisms and offer highly targeted therapies that are more precise and have fewer side effects. These advanced drugs closely resemble human proteins, thereby minimizing the risk of immune reactions. Biopharmaceuticals have revolutionized medical treatments with innovations such as monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, and cultured cell-based therapies. The increasing number of FDA-approved biologics from 2015 to 2023 highlights their expanding role in treating a wide range of medical conditions. As research continues to progress, we can expect even more exciting developments in the field.

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ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOPHARMACEUTICALS: PROMISING FUTURE IN MEDICINE

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An irregular menstrual cycle is one of the hallmarks of PCOS, a neuroendocrine metabolic condition. Synthetic medication therapy is a successful treatment for PCOS. However, because allopathic medications have limits and natural treatments have great therapeutic outcomes, PCOS patients are drawn to natural solutions. In many rural places, medicinal plants play a major role in the healthcare of women. Modern medications have been created from plants that have historically been utilized as a starting point for the development of new drugs with therapeutic effective observations. Women can easily acquire affordable healthcare through kitchen cures. Women's dietary habits often mirror their awareness of their health. In this comprehensive review we addressed the function of various Indian herbs in PCOS in light of the importance of herbal therapies. Materials & Methods: A comprehensive literature search and data mining was carried out about the efficacy of Ayurveda prescribed herbs supportedbyscientific efficacy and toxicity studies (preclinical and clinical) against PCOS by consulting the Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cross ref, database. Results: In this study, we addressed the role of selective Indian herbs in PCOS treatment with mechanisms through scientific studies conducted in the last two decades.

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PCOS, Cinnamon extract, fenugreek

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