Volume 5 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Millions of tons of non-biodegradable plastic waste are accumulated in landfill and ocean each year which causes one of the biggest sources of pollution globally. At the same time, the construction developers are under pressure to adopt sustainable materials. The survey will look at the feasibility of using recycled plastic waste material as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete block production. This study uses polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as sand replacement in varying proportions (5%,10%,15%,20 %) for building Concrete blocks after they were tested for their strength. The results show that up to 10% replacing output comparable compressive strength to conventional concrete, but higher replacing degree reduces compressive strength due to poor interfacial soldering and increased void message The survey looked at loser mechanism, denseness variation, and mix behaviour. Microstructural analytic thinking shows that plastic atoms can reduce cleft extension. The potential welfare is offset by decreased coherence and rigidness when plastic message exceeds optimal threshold. The comprehension of recycled plastic helps address environmental concerns and contributes to lightweight building solutions. The determination supports the usage of recycled plastic as a viable constituent for non-loading-heading application and paves the manner for further inquiry into hybrid waste material integrating, long-condition lastingness appraisal and insurance policy evolution for sustainable building practice.

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Recycled plastic waste, PET concrete, compressive strength, sustainable concrete, plastic aggregate, lightweight construction, eco-friendly building materials, concrete block testing, waste utilization, non-structural applications

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The balance of payments is a comprehensive record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period. A trade surplus occurs when a country's exports exceed its imports. A trade deficit occurs when a country's imports exceed its exports. The balance of payments provide a more complete picture of a country's economic interactions with the rest of the world, encompassing not only trade in goods but also services, financial transactions, capital flows. This paper made an attempt to know the balance of payments in terms of trade balance, current account deficit, capital account surplus, invisible income and to identify the bilateral trade surplus and deficit countries. To know all these results the data have been collected from the various secondary sources like books, magazines and other concerned annual reports. The collected numerical data have been analyzed and presented in the tables.

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Balance of trade, balance of payments, bilateral trade, India.

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Climate change has become one of the most significant forces shaping contemporary discussions on human rights, intersecting with environmental law, development studies, and ethical governance. While the 1951 Refugee Convention protects those fleeing persecution, it does not encompass individuals and communities forced from their homes by climate-induced disasters such as rising sea levels, prolonged droughts, and extreme weather events. These climate-displaced communities occupy a regulatory gray area, often unable to claim formal protection under traditional refugee or human rights frameworks. At the same time, environmental justice movements around the globe have called for equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, emphasizing participation and redress for historically marginalized groups. This article argues that the future of human rights hinges on an integrated approach that recognizes environmental degradation and climate change not merely as ecological or economic problems but as fundamental human rights crises. Through an in-depth examination of philosophical underpinnings, the evolution of international and national human rights regimes, and the practical dilemmas of forced migration, this piece explores how to reconcile state sovereignty with transnational obligations. It examines the inadequacy of current legal instruments--focusing on how human rights treaties, climate accords, and domestic constitutions fail to protect climate refugees--and proposes pathways toward a rights-based climate displacement framework. Empirical examples highlight communities in low-lying island nations, flood-prone deltas, and drought-stricken rural regions. Policy recommendations urge binding treaties for corporate accountability, expanded refugee definitions or new environmental displacement protocols, and community-driven adaptation efforts ensuring that environmental solutions align with the principles of dignity, participation, and non-discrimination. Ultimately, bridging environmental justice and established human rights doctrines offers a moral, legal, and pragmatic route to uphold the dignity of climate-displaced populations while fostering sustainable development and global solidarity.

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climate displacement, environmental justice, human rights, climate refugees, international law, sovereignty, corporate accountability, sustainable development.

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Through social media, users may have access to a lot of information as well as a pleasant communication experience. Social media, on the other hand, can have negative implications, such as online bullying, which can have a negative impact on people's life, particularly children and teenagers. Cyberbullying is defined as an individual or a group of individuals engaging in aggressive, deliberate acts against a victim using digital communication channels such as sending texts and writing comments. Unlike traditional bullying, which occurs in a face-to-face interaction at school, online bullying on social media sites can occur anywhere at any time.

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 Keywords

Cyber Crime, Cyber Bullying, Speech to Text,social media, OCR.

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Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) represent a significant advancement in materials engineering, offering a unique combination of high-temperature resistance, superior mechanical strength, and enhanced durability compared to conventional monolithic ceramics. By incorporating reinforcing fibers or particles within a ceramic matrix, CMCs effectively mitigate the intrinsic brittleness of ceramics, thereby improving their toughness and structural integrity under extreme conditions. These materials exhibit exceptional thermal stability, excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, and superior mechanical performance, making them highly suitable for demanding applications in aerospace, automotive, energy, and biomedical industries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of CMCs, covering their fundamental types, including oxide-oxide, carbon-carbon, and silicon carbide-based composites, along with a detailed analysis of their microstructural characteristics and composition. Various processing techniques such as chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP), and hot pressing are discussed, highlighting their impact on material properties and performance. Furthermore, an in-depth exploration of the mechanical behavior of CMCs, including strength, toughness, creep resistance, and fatigue performance, is presented, with comparative assessments against traditional ceramic and metallic materials. The paper also examines the diverse industrial applications of CMCs, particularly in aerospace turbine components, automotive brake systems, thermal protection systems, and nuclear energy applications, where their lightweight nature and ability to withstand harsh environments provide a competitive advantage. Additionally, current challenges such as cost-effective manufacturing, processing complexities, and long-term durability concerns are addressed. Emerging trends and future research directions, including the integration of nanomaterials and advancements in fabrication techniques, are also explored to highlight the potential for further innovation in the field. To enhance understanding, figures, bar charts, and tables are included throughout the paper, illustrating key properties, processing methodologies, and performance comparisons with conventional materials. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to the ongoing development and optimization of CMCs for next-generation engineering applications.

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Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), High-Temperature Materials, Oxide-Oxide CMCs, Silicon Carbide (SiC) CMCs, Carbon-Carbon (C/C) Composites, Mechanical Properties, Processing Techniques, Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis (PIP), Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI).

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A Monte Carlo algorithm for extracting contours in 2D images is proposed in this paper. A multiple model Particle Filter (PF) for progressive contour growing (tracking) from a starting point is designed, accounting for the convex, noncircular form of delineated areas. The algorithm relies on image intensity gradients as measurements and requires information about four manually selected points: the seed point, the starting point, arbitrarily selected on the contour, and two additional points, bounding the measurement formation area around the contour. The filter performance is studied by segmenting contours from series of simulated ultrasound medical images and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) images

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Contour Tracking of Images Using Particle Filtering Technique.

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Urban supply management is essential to sustain water supply. Bhandara, a small city in Maharashtra, is undergoing immense difficulties and challenges in water supply for uninterrupted and efficient utilization by the residents of this medium-sized urbanization. In this context, this paper discusses the enhancement of water supply management in Bhandara City (2016-17) using modern information systems. Further, it enlightens readers concerning the implementation and usability of diversified information technologies during the course, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), and the smart water systems. This paper analyzes how Information Systems can support the water supply system of Bhandara by evaluating existing infrastructure, challenges, and potential improvements toward efficiency and losses. The paper adopts a mixed method approach to achieve results that are supported by both primary data as well as existing data and literature.

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Urban water supply, Information Systems, Bhandara, Maharashtra, GIS, SCADA, Smart Water Systems, infrastructure, water management

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Rajakarana, Samskruthi Mattu M P Prakash

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Rajakarana, Samskruthi Mattu M P Prakash

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Bhattarakadevashakra virchit Pratapakavyasya Chaturvinsatisargasya Sampadanamadhyanamcha

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Bhattarakadevashakra virchit Pratapakavyasya Chaturvinsatisargasya Sampadanamadhyanamcha

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The expansion of online communication is happening at a dizzying pace. The internet has made it possible to establish an international "Virtual Community" that is unconstrained by space and time. Anyone may now easily connect with experts all across the globe thanks to the internet. You may ask for advice from experts by video chat, voicemail, or email. With no longer any assurance of privacy whether using wired or wireless ways, the Internet has evolved into a hostile environment. The challenge with transmitting multimedia material online is keeping it secure and private. The increasing need for fast data transmission and storage has put multimedia apps in a precarious position, since they use a lot of bandwidth. Encryption and compression of data are essential for data security, safeguarding data resources during transmission and storage, especially on networks. Encrypting images before compression is necessary for high-level security. Arnold Transform, Combinatorial Random Permutations, and Cyclic Permutation of Prediction Errors are the three techniques that we provide for grayscale photo encryption. By repeatedly applying linear transformations and mod functions to different pixel places, Arnold Transform is able to encrypt data. When iterations are performed several times, the relationship between adjacent pixels is completely broken. To make data encryption as foolproof as possible, the Combinational Random Permutation method mixes bits, pixels, and blocks. By encrypting the prediction error domain rather than the actual image, the Cyclic Permutation of Clusters of Prediction Errors technique achieves excellent security.

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 Keywords

Image encryption, Permutation techniques, Numerous level, Multimedia, Encryption.

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Saamidheni Mantra Prayoga Vivaranam

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Saamidheni Mantra Prayoga Vivaranam

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The intersection of women's rights and human rights reveals a persistent dichotomy that underscores the challenges women face in attaining true equality and dignity globally. Despite notable advancements in women's participation in the workforce and public life, the transition from numerical representation to genuine empowerment remains sluggish. This paper examines the systemic and cultural barriers that hinder women's progress into leadership roles across various sectors, particularly in politics and business. Key issues such as gender-based discrimination, unequal pay, and work-life balance challenges contribute to a slow trajectory toward gender parity. Additionally, the scarcity of mentors and role models perpetuates a cycle of underrepresentation, limiting opportunities for aspiring women leaders. This analysis highlights the need for targeted interventions to dismantle these barriers and promote a more equitable landscape for women, ensuring that human rights are not just an abstract ideal but a lived reality for all women.

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 Keywords

Historiography, Colonialism, Pong, Political Agency, Pemberton, McCulloch.

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Geographical diversity, location, flora, fauna, plains, forest and mineral resources

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The Medium encompasses a range of communication methods like print media, broadcast media, and digital platforms, which play a vital role in reaching and informing society. It includes print materials like books and magazines as well as channels like television and radio. Media serves as a tool for storing and delivering information, spanning print, electronic, and social media, among others. It keeps individuals updated on various aspects of life. In the modern world, media takes forms such as newspapers, TV, movies, social media, and more. Media education is crucial in promoting health awareness, reaching different audiences through channels like mass media and tailored messages for communities and professionals. Mass media is pivotal in educating about health and influencing behaviours. While media remains an essential source of health information, excessive social media use can contribute to mental health issues. Media's importance was highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, disseminating accurate information and countering misinformation. Health education methods utilize media tools and teaching aids. Health promotion occurs at various levels, and media awareness training is crucial for understanding information dissemination methods. Media significantly influences culture, society, and public opinion, offering a platform for awareness, entertainment, and information exchange. It helps individuals stay informed about global events, but its effects are not without risks. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of media's methods, uses, and impacts is essential in today's world.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Radio, Television, Newspaper, Social Media, Health Education, Health Awareness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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A certain combination of in-plane load parameter values and the natural frequency of transverse vibration can cause unstable transverse vibrations in structural materials subjected to in-plane periodic stresses, which can result in parametric resonance. This instability may arise under compressive loads throughout a range of excitation frequencies, below the structure's critical load. Many strategies for preventing parametric resonance, such vibration isolation and dampening, may not be sufficient or safe at times, leading to unfavorable outcomes. Unlike the primary resonance, the parametric instability can occur even for modest excitation amplitudes and combinations of frequencies, not just at a single excitation frequency. When a structure is subjected to in-plane periodic stress, it is possible to discriminate between good and undesirable vibration regimes by analyzing its dynamic instability region (DIR) spectrum. These spectra are frequently calculated and given in terms of natural frequencies. Therefore, a crucial component of the dynamic instability study of composite plates and shells in a hygrothermal environment is the very precise estimation of these values.

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Temperature concentration, Moisture concentration, Plate aspect ratio, Composite laminates, Number of layers.

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This paper offers a critical examination of educational systems and individual development as mirrored in R.K. Narayan's The Bachelor of Arts. By scrutinizing the novel as a microcosmic representation of Indian education, the study interrogates the extent to which academic pursuits truly foster holistic personal growth. Through a close reading of the protagonist, Chandran, this research challenges the notion of education as a linear, transformative process. It instead explores the complexities of identity formation, aspiration, and social engagement within the confines of institutional learning. Moreover, the paper questions the efficacy of the educational environment in cultivating critical consciousness and ethical agency, ultimately prompting a reassessment of the relationship between education and human potential as envisioned by Narayan.

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Education, character development, transition, challenges, life.

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This research paper explores the impact of corporate governance on the financial performance of Indian Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs). The study examines various aspects of governance frameworks, including board independence, transparency, and the influence of political interference, and assesses how these factors affect financial metrics such as Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The analysis reveals that while governance reforms, including the introduction of corporate governance guidelines and the granting of managerial autonomy through Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna statuses, have led to improvements in financial performance, challenges remain. Issues such as political interference, lack of managerial autonomy, and varying levels of implementation across different sectors continue to hinder the full realization of these reforms. The paper also highlights the need for further policy recommendations to enhance governance practices and financial outcomes in PSEs. Recommendations include strengthening board independence, enhancing transparency, reducing political influence, promoting performance-based incentives, and fostering a culture of accountability. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the relationship between governance and financial performance in the context of Indian PSEs and offers practical suggestions for future improvements.

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Corporate governance, financial performance, public sector enterprises, India, Board independence, Transparency, Political interference, Governance reforms, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE).

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Empowerment refers as a multidimensional social process that helps people gaining control over their own lives which increases the economic, political, social, educational or spiritual strength of an individuals and communities. Empowerment also means moving from enforced powerlessness to a position of power Women's empowerment in India will take a look at our rich heritage and enlightened societies of the past where women were treated as equals Empowerment of women is essential for achieving social, economic, political, educational and cultural security among people now in the present scenario of globalized world women empowerment is recognized as the burning issue, because it understood as the women can fully enjoy the same rights as men and are not discriminated against is normatively desirable. Even the empowerment of women leads to the uplift and development of women in all the fields of life. Having this much efforts towards attaining empowerment, Still many weaker sections of the society are facing the challenges in attainment of empowerment. Likewise, the rural women employees working in Garments is not exceptional from this. So this research paper tries to focus on the challenges facing by rural women of employees working in Garments at present scenario with respect to the empowerment, where still not at all aware of empowering in the society. So for the present study a survey has been conducted to know about the challenges facing by the rural women of employees working in Garments where empowerment is still not possible. Now, I would like to enlighten how the challenges facing by rural women of employees working in Sai Export Pvt. Ltd. at Gejjalagere Garments, Maddur taluku, Mandya district. So the Required information is collected through primary & secondary sources and analyzed in the present study.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Empowerment, Garment employees, Rural women, Challenges

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition