Volume 14 | Issue 3

 Abstract

The 2025 Goods and Services Tax (GST) 2.0 reform in India, which reduced the rate on individual life and health insurance premiums from 18% to 0% effective September 22, 2025, was a landmark strategic intervention aimed at reducing the cost barrier and accelerating the goal of "Insurance for All by 2047". This paper critically analyses the resulting trade-off between demand side i.e maximizing consumer affordability and the structural cost shock imposed on the supply side of the industry. On the demand side, the policy immediately benefited policyholders with up to an 18% reduction in premium outflow, enhancing the affordability of essential protection and improving the value proposition of long-term savings products, such as Unit-Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs). However, by classifying premium income as wholly exempt, the reform created a significant structural burden for insurers: the complete withdrawal of Input Tax Credit (ITC) on operational expenses, including agent commissions, rent, and technology. This loss translates into an estimated 3-8% increase in insurer operational costs. In response to this cost pressure, insurers will have to engage in price recalibration (risking base premium inflation) and significantly adjust distribution compensation, shifting the 18% GST burden onto intermediaries, resulting in commission cuts of 15-18%. This latter consequence creates a severe policy conflict, threatening the viability of the agent network--the critical infrastructure needed for mass penetration, particularly the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India's (IRDAI) women-centric Bima Vahak model for rural inclusion. While the short-term fiscal cost to the government is an estimated $1.2-1.4 billion in annual revenue loss, the long-term success of the reform hinges on whether the resultant growth in policy volumes and associated economic activity can offset this sacrifice. The paper concludes that securing the intended social benefits requires proactive regulatory monitoring by the IRDAI to prevent the erosion of consumer savings through hidden base premium increases, and targeted fiscal support, such as fractional ITC allowances on critical distribution costs, to stabilize the financial inclusion infrastructure.

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 Keywords

GST 2.0, Life and Health Insurance, Input Tax Credit (ITC), Insurance for All by 2047, Premium Affordability, Bima Vahak, IRDAI, Financial Inclusion, Tax Reform, Supply-side Shock.

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This research paper examines Indian archaeology, its temples, monuments, sacred bronzes, inscriptions, manuscripts, and jewels and the systematic extraction of such objects during British colonial rule. It studies how colonial conquest and administrative structures enabled the removal of temple idols, royal treasures, and ritual artifacts from India. Further, it analyzes how novels across the world represent sacred desecration, imperial possession, archaeological displacement, and cultural trauma. Through expanded close readings of selected literary texts and engagement with historical scholarship, the paper argues that fiction mirrors archival truth while adding ethical and emotional dimensions absent from official records. Literary representation functions as an alternative archive, contributing meaningfully to archaeological discourse and contemporary restitution debates.

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Indian archaeology, colonial plunder, postcolonial memory, Wilkie Collins, E. M. Forster.

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Teaching approaches are very important in learning experiences of students and their psychological development. This paper discusses the differences between teacher-centred learning and student-centred learning from the psychological perspective. Teacher-centred learning focuses on structured learning where the teacher is the main source of knowledge while student-centred learning focuses on active participation of learners, autonomy and collaboration. Drawing on the major psychological theories, namely, behaviourism, constructivism and humanistic learning theory, the study focuses on the influence of these approaches on students' motivation, cognitive development, critical thinking and academic performance. The analysis suggests that the teacher-centred learning offers a systematic framework of delivering the basic knowledge and maintaining the organization in the classroom, whereas the student-centred learning facilitates the intrinsic motivation and active engagement in the classroom and develops higher order thinking skills. The findings suggest that combining some aspects of both approaches can create a balanced learning environment to support effectively knowledge acquisition and students' intellectual and personal growth in today's educational environment.

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Educational Psychology, Student-Centred Learning, Teacher-Centred Learning, Cognitive Development, Motivation.

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India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions a comprehensive transformation of the educational landscape through holistic, multidisciplinary curricula, flexible learning pathways, experiential pedagogies, and equitable access for all socioeconomic groups, representing India's most ambitious education reform since independence. However, in the state of Manipur, implementation confronts well-documented systemic barriers that threaten policy realization: 72% of educational institutions report persistent difficulties adapting curricula to NEP's multidisciplinary framework due to entrenched examination-centric structures and rigid disciplinary silos (NCERT, 2023); 28% of rural schools, predominantly in hilly districts, continue to lack basic infrastructure essential for modern pedagogical delivery including smart classrooms and digital laboratories (UDISE+, 2024); and critically, 68% of Manipur's teachers remain untrained in the student-center, competency-based methodologies central to NEP 2020's pedagogical shift (Ministry of Education, 2025). This descriptive, non-experimental study systematically analyses Manipur's NEP 2020 implementation trajectory through rigorous synthesis of authoritative government reports, state-specific datasets, and policy analytics. The analysis delineates state-specific implementation challenges at institutional and district levels alongside empirically verified opportunities including DIKSHA digital platform's 500 million+ nationwide user engagements demonstrating technological scalability, 15% growth in vocational program enrolments signaling skill development momentum (NITI Aayog, 2024) methodically assessing their strategic consonance with Viksit Bharat@2047's human capital development imperatives for a self-reliant, developed India by 2047.

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NEP 2020, Manipur, UDISE+, teacher training, valley-hill, DIKSHA, Viksit Bharat@2047

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Heavy metal ions have been identified to cause water contamination which has become a serious environmental and human health concern especially in the semi-arid and agrarian regions of India. The Bundelkhand area, which is located in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh is a region that experiences water crises chronically and the water quality in the area is poor owing to geological causes, farmland usage and less industrialization. The given experimental research is devoted to the analytical identification of the chosen heavy metal ions - lead and cadmium (Pb 2 + and Cd 2 +), copper and zinc (Cu 2 + and Zn 2 +), nickel and iron (Ni 2 + and Fe 3 +) in the waters of different surface and groundwater sources in Bundelkhand region using classical inorganic reagents.The experiment has utilized the qualitative group analysis and quantitative volumetric and spectrophotometric methods by using the inorganic reagents like hydrogen sulfide, dichromate of potassium, ammonium hydroxide, and EDTA. The metal ion concentrations were determined using normal calibration techniques and compared with the world health organization (WHO) drinking water standards. According to the results of the experiment, lead and iron were high in a number of groundwater samples and cadmium and nickel were found in traces but alarming concentrations. The results underscore the appropriateness of classical inorganic analytical tools in environmental surveillance in resource restrained areas as a cost effective and credible tool. This paper highlights the importance of systematic evaluation of water quality in Bundelkhand and the significance of inorganic analytical chemistry in solving the environmental problems in the region.

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Keywords:Inorganic reagents; Water analysis; Analytical chemistry Bundelkhand region; Environmental pollution Heavy metal ions.

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Agriculture constitutes the backbone of the rural economy in District Basti, Uttar Pradesh, where nearly three-fourths of the population relies on farming and allied activities for livelihood. Although the district is endowed with fertile alluvial soils and receives an average annual rainfall of about 900-925 mm--nearly 70 percent concentrated during the monsoon season--agricultural productivity remains moderate and uneven. This study investigates the relative influence of physical and socio-economic factors on agricultural performance using descriptive statistics, percentage analysis, correlation assessment, and a simple regression framework based on district-level data.The cropping pattern reveals a strong dominance of rice (38 percent of gross cropped area) and wheat (36 percent), reflecting a monsoon-dependent rice-wheat system. Productivity levels average approximately 25-26 quintals per hectare for rice and 29 quintals per hectare for wheat, indicating scope for improvement compared to state averages. Correlation analysis suggests a positive relationship between irrigation coverage and crop productivity, while a negative association is observed between land fragmentation and mechanization intensity. Nearly 60-62 percent of farmers belong to the marginal category (below one hectare), and regression estimates indicate that farm size and irrigation access together account for a substantial proportion of variation in yield levels. Irrigation sources are dominated by tube-wells (around 50 percent), followed by canals (approximately 28 percent), pointing toward increasing groundwater dependence. Socio-economic variables such as access to institutional credit, input use intensity, and adoption of high-yielding varieties demonstrate moderate positive correlations with productivity outcomes. Conversely, vulnerability to floods and small landholdings exert downward pressure on income stability and crop performance.The findings indicate that while favorable physical conditions provide a necessary foundation, socio-economic determinants play a more decisive role in shaping agricultural efficiency in Basti. The study underscores the need for integrated interventions focused on irrigation expansion, land consolidation, enhanced credit accessibility, and technological diffusion to strengthen agricultural resilience and long-term sustainability in the district.

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Agriculture, Physical Factors, Socio-Economic Factors, Landholding, Irrigation, Basti District, Cropping Pattern.

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Abstract The contemporary media ecosystem is undergoing a structural reconfiguration driven by digitization, platformization, and evolving audience behaviors. While traditional media historically functioned as the institutional backbone of democratic communication, digital platforms have disrupted established hierarchies by enabling decentralized participation, algorithmic distribution, and data-driven personalization. This study provides a theoretically grounded comparative analysis of traditional and digital media, examining their evolving roles in credibility formation, accessibility, economic sustainability, and socio-political influence. Anchored in Hybrid Media System theory and supported by Network Society and Platformization frameworks, the research adopts a comparative analytical methodology synthesizing industry datasets, global media reports, and recent scholarly literature (2022-2024). Particular emphasis is placed on India as a critical site of media transformation, where legacy institutions coexist with one of the world's fastest-growing digital populations. Findings indicate that media transformation is characterized less by displacement than by convergence. Traditional media retains symbolic authority and trust capital, especially during crises, whereas digital media dominates informational velocity and audience engagement. However, algorithmic gatekeeping, misinformation flows, and attention commodification present systemic risks to epistemic stability. The study proposes an Integrated Media Coexistence Model arguing that the future of journalism lies not in technological supremacy but in adaptive synthesis combining institutional credibility with participatory affordances. By bridging Western theoretical frameworks with Global South realities, this research contributes to emerging scholarship on media hybridity and democratic resilience in platform societies.

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Hybrid Media System, Platformization, Traditional Media, Digital Media, India, Media Convergence, Algorithmic Gatekeeping, Journalism, Network Society

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In Ayurveda, Khalitya refers to hair fall. In the present era, millions of people are suffering from this condition. Khalitya is primarily a Pitta-dominant Tridoshajanya Vyadhi involving Vata, Pitta, Kapha, and Rakta Dosha. Hair adds beauty and enhances an individual's personality. Today, hair fall has become a common cosmetic concern, particularly among the young population. It is primarily due to changing lifestyles, unhealthy dietary habits, disturbed sleep patterns, systemic diseases, medications, and stress. Khalitya is described in Ayurveda under Kshudra Roga (minor diseases) or Shiroroga (diseases of the head and scalp). Sedentary living, stress, and poor nutrition contribute significantly to its progression. Most research focuses on Nasya, Raktamokshana, and Lepa. Various Ayurvedic formulations such as Bhringraja Taila, Malatyadi Tailam, Tila Taila, Asthiposhak Vati, and Rasayana drugs have been found effective in managing hair loss.

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Review on Khalitya with Special Reference to Alopecia

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Grain storage is a critical process in agriculture, as improper storage conditions lead to significant post-harvest losses due to moisture, temperature variation, pests, and fungal growth. This study proposes a Smart Grain Storage System that uses IoT-based sensors to continuously monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and gas levels inside storage units. The collected data is processed using a microcontroller and transmitted to a cloud platform for real-time monitoring and alerts. If abnormal conditions are detected, automatic control mechanisms such as ventilation fans and moisture control systems are activated. The proposed system aims to reduce grain spoilage, maintain quality, and increase storage efficiency. Based on the review of multiple research studies, the system offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for farmers and warehouses. This approach helps in minimizing losses, improving food security, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

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Smart grain storage, IoT, WSN, AI, post-harvest loss, predictive monitoring, automation

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Ramayana and Mahabharata are regarded as the very important religious scripture like veda and upanishada to Indians. Ramkatha is a wonderful impeccable creation of the poet. The ageless writing, Ramayana, has not influence the Indian scenario only, but also influenced the whole world. The name Ramayana is based on two words Rama and Ayana and it is a tatpurusa samasa. Which means the journey of Rama. Divided into seven kandas five hundred swargas and twenty four thousand verses, Ramayana was written before the 5th century B.C. According to Hindu religion, Sri Ramachandra was the seventh incarnation of Vishnu and a popular deity. He was born into this world has a human being to preach the religion. He appeared in various forms, as an ideal child, ideal husband, and affectionate elder, a loving king. He was born in the surya dynasty and his father was king Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya and his mother was Kaushalya. According to Hindu religion, Ramachandra best of men. To protect his fathers honor, he relinquished the throne and went into exite for fourteen years. Ramachandra is the ideal character of India. He is the ultimate pillar of our faith. He is the symbol of truth and every one should follow him.

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Ideal Religion, Moderation, Love, Honesty.

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The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 marked a turning point for local self- governance in India, particularly for women. Karnataka was one of the first states to implement the Panchayati Raj system even before the 73rd amendment through the Karnataka Zilla Parishads, Taluk Panchayat Samithis, Mandal Panchayats and Nyaya Panchayats Act, 1983.

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"Women's Empowerment through Panchayati Raj in Karnataka

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Abstract 'Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)' is considered to be one of the most significant public health problems, not only in adolescent girls and pregnant women living in low- and middle-income countries. While nutritional factors remain the dominant cause, genetic variations in iron metabolism can modify individual susceptibility and influence treatment response. This study investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of HFE (C282Y, H63D) and TFR2 gene polymorphisms in adolescent girls and expecting mothers from Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 520 participants (260 adolescent girls (between the ages of 10 and 18 years) and 260 expecting mothers (first or second trimester or less than 24 weeks during gestation) were assessed for 'hematological indices, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TS%)'. Genotyping was conducted using PCR-RFLP. The HFE C282Y variant was rare, but H63D heterozygosity was frequent and significantly associated with reduced ferritin and TS%, higher TIBC, and increased IDA risk. TFR2 variants showed limited direct association with IDA but may contribute through gene-gene interactions. These findings suggest that HFE H63D polymorphisms may exacerbate iron deficiency risk in high-demand physiological states, warranting genetic screening in anaemia control programs.

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Keywords: HFE, TFR2, iron deficiency anaemia, gene polymorphism, iron homeostasis

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Amish Tripathi is one of the most significant contemporary Indian writers who grabbed the attention of modern readers through his mythological fiction. In the Shiva Trilogy, one of his major works, he blends Hindu mythology with philosophy, realism and moral integrity drawing the narration close to the twenty-first century readers. In this series, Tripathi reinterprets the characters of Shiva and Sati not as omnipotent deities but as mere human beings who through their choice of actions, intellectual inquiry, and ethical awareness attain the status of divinity. Moreover, he signifies the importance of equality, self awareness and moral responsibility of every man to address the existing complexities of modern society through his own choice of actions. This paper examines how Tripathi's reinterpretation of Shiva and Sati characters is elevated from mere humanity to divinity, merging mythical narrative with modern rationality.

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Mythology, realism, moral integrity

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Abstract Chronic mechanical neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder that adversely affects daily activities, occupational performance, and quality of life. It is frequently associated with myofascial trigger points, muscle tightness, reduced cervical range of motion, and functional disability. Among the various physiotherapy interventions used for its management, Myokinetic Stretching Technique (MST) and Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition Technique (INIT) are commonly employed manual therapy approaches. However, limited evidence is available regarding their comparative effectiveness in individuals with chronic mechanical neck pain. The present study aimed to compare the effects of MST and INIT on pain, cervical range of motion, and disability in subjects with chronic mechanical neck pain. A total of 76 subjects were included and allocated into two groups of 38 each. Group A received MST along with conventional exercises, whereas Group B received INIT along with conventional exercises. Both groups were treated three times per week for two weeks. Outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Active Cervical Range of Motion (ACROM). The findings demonstrated significant improvement within both groups in pain, disability, and cervical range of motion. Between-group analysis revealed significant differences in disability and cervical range of motion in favor of the INIT group, while pain reduction was not significantly different between groups. The study concludes that both MST and INIT are effective in the management of chronic mechanical neck pain; however, INIT appears to be more effective in improving disability and cervical mobility.

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Keywords: Chronic mechanical neck pain, Myokinetic Stretching Technique, Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition Technique, pain, disability, cervical range of motion, physiotherapy.

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The current study, "Economic Self-Reliance of Married and Unmarried Muslim Women." is based on 600 Muslim women (300) married and 300 unmarried from the Udaipur division, collecting data through a survey method and a self-developed economic self-reliance scale. This research analyzes Muslim women's economic activities, decision-making and resource utilization in the context of their work in the unorganized sector, lack of education, limited resources, barriers access to capital and employment, and social restrictions. According to the finding, married women contribute more to family expenses participate more in investment and financial decision and have control over their income and resources while unmarried women are more active and confident in digital payments use of financial services knowledge of government schemes sill utilization and community economic activities. Thus, married and unmarried Muslim women have different characteristics and contributions across various dimensions of economic self-reliance.

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Muslim Women, Economic Self Reliance

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Heavy vehicles such as trucks, buses, and commercial transport carriers operate under high load conditions and require a dependable braking system to ensure road safety and vehicle stability. Due to the large mass and continuous operation of these vehicles, the braking mechanism must generate sufficient stopping force while maintaining consistent performance over long distances. Pneumatic air braking systems have become the preferred choice in heavy vehicles because of their ability to produce high braking force and incorporate safety-oriented features. However, conventional braking methods such as hydraulic systems face limitations when applied to heavy-duty vehicles, particularly in terms of pressure capacity, heat resistance, and fail-safe reliability. These limitations highlight the need for a more robust and secure braking mechanism capable of handling high operational stresses. The objective of this study is to examine the design, working principle, and performance characteristics of a pneumatic air braking system used in heavy vehicles. The research focuses on understanding how compressed air is generated, stored, regulated, and converted into mechanical braking force at the wheel assembly. The methodology includes a detailed analysis of major components such as the air compressor, reservoir tank, control valves, brake chamber, and actuating mechanism. The system operation is studied by evaluating pressure distribution, response time, and braking force transmission under varying load conditions. Functional analysis is used to assess system reliability and safety during normal and emergency braking situations. The findings indicate that pneumatic air braking systems provide effective force amplification, quick response, and improved operational safety compared to traditional braking systems in heavy vehicles. The built-in fail-safe features further enhance reliability during pressure loss conditions. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that pneumatic air braking systems are highly suitable for heavy-duty transportation applications and play a vital role in ensuring vehicle safety and performance efficiency.

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Pneumatic braking system, heavy vehicles, compressed air, brake chamber, braking force, pressure analysis

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Fluorobenzoylthioacetone, Overall Stability Constant, Potentiometric Titration, Standard change in Enthalpy.

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The persistent disparity in economic opportunity and social protection between rural and urban India poses a major obstacle to inclusive national growth. This paper examines the critical role of micro insurance--products with low premiums, flexible payments, and simple procedures designed for low-income individuals --as a vital tool for bridging this gap. Micro insurance directly tackles the core vulnerabilities that sustain the rural-urban divide. For low-income populations, who are predominantly rural, it functions as a crucial financial safety net. By providing pay-outs for shocks such as illness, crop failure or livestock hazard, it prevents households from selling productive assets like land or livestock and reduces reliance on costly informal loans. This asset protection encourages investment in higher-yield activities and alleviates financial hardship by reducing Out-of-Pocket (OOP) expenditure, particularly in health. Furthermore, micro insurance fosters inclusive growth by promoting economic and psychological security and, when linked with microfinance, helps keep the poor out of the poverty trap. Despite its potential, micro insurance penetration in the huge rural market remains "very low". Key barriers include: Demand-Side Barriers: Low awareness, misconceptions, a lack of simple and affordable products, and eroded trust due to complicated claim settlement processes. Supply-Side Barriers: The absence of reliable distribution channels, high transaction costs, and a lack of data for creating viable business models outside of large government schemes. To maximize its impact, the paper recommends a shift to innovative, tailored approaches, including: Product Innovation: Developing simple, multi-risk products and simplifying product guidelines. Leveraging Community Models: Utilizing the member-owned Mutual Model and strengthening partnerships with trusted grassroots organizations like NGOs, SHGs, and MFIs. Digital Platforms: Using mobile applications and innovative I.T. solutions to improve distribution, operations, and servicing, especially in remote areas. Sustained Education: Increasing household awareness in local languages and incorporating insurance education into the school curriculum. In conclusion, micro insurance is an indispensable tool for achieving financial resilience and greater social security, helping individuals transition from a state of latent vulnerability to one of stability. A successful, sustainable model requires a blend of regulatory simplification, technological innovation, and socially-rooted distribution to fully realize the vision of truly inclusive national development.

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Micro-Insurance, Financial Inclusion, Financial Resilience, Poverty Alleviation, Social Protection, Inclusive growth, Risk Mitigation, Micro finance Institution (MFI), Self Help group (SHG), IRDA Regulation, Digital Platform, Asset Protection, Mutual Model

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The rich and varied histories of Indian architecture constitute an important part of the subcontinent's collective cultural memory, and have provided artists with extensive options for how to depict these structures through art. Temples (often referred to as "ancient temples"), forts (especially during the middle ages), and Mughal and Colonial structures are all examples of architectural styles developed throughout India's long history. Each of these architectural styles features distinct elements that represent not only diverse cultural practices and beliefs, but also the creative ability of artists to combine their talents to produce exquisite architectural structures. While many of these same architectural structures were represented through traditional forms of art during earlier periods, new technologies (particularly digital technologies), changes to the way artists interpret their art, and shifts towards an increasingly global visual culture have changed how these architectural structures will be perceived through art. This review will examine the evolution of the techniques and styles used to illustrate historical Indian architecture, beginning with the more traditional forms of artistic expression and building toward those that are contemporary. The review will also include discussions on how various regional artistic styles, the use of symbolism, the types of materials used, the design composition, and the application of colour theory, among others, contribute to how artistic representations are produced of various forms of architectural structures within the three major categories; Historical Indian Architecture, Contemporary Indian Architecture, and Digital Humanities. Finally, the review will highlight the challenges and opportunities presented by the evolving nature of the visual representation of Indian Architecture and how this area will continue to change with respect to advances in digital humanities, cultural sustainability, and globalisation and the associated growth of the international art market.

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Indian architecture; architectural illustration; miniature painting; cultural heritage; visual representation; digital heritage.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Preparing question papers manually takes a lot of time and effort. Teachers need to maintain proper marks distribution, question variety, and topic coverage. In many cases, the same content is formatted again and again to create different test papers. This process is repetitive and sometimes inconsistent. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an intelligent web-based quiz and exam paper generator. The system accepts input in different formats such as PDF, Word, PowerPoint, image files, and plain text. The uploaded content is converted into clean text and processed using natural language processing techniques to identify important topics. Based on the extracted content, the system generates multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions following a fixed 100 marks structure. The system is developed using React for the frontend and Flask for the backend. Named Entity Recognition is used to detect key concepts from the text. The generated paper also includes answer keys and proper formatting. Experimental testing shows that the system reduces manual effort and generates structured question papers within a few seconds. The system can be useful for teachers and students in academic environments.

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Automated Exam Paper Generation, Natural Language Processing, Automatic Question Generation, Educational Technology, Named Entity Recognition, Web-Based Quiz System, AI-Based Assessment.

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