Volume 14 | Issue 3

 Abstract

Primary urinary Bladder Adenocarcinoma (PBA) is an uncommon neoplasm and can cause diagnostic difficulties due to histologic similarities with adenocarcinomas of adjacent structures like Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) and prostate, since involvement of the bladder by metastasis or direct spread can occur. Seven cases of bladder adenocarcinomas were diagnosed during a period of four years in a tertiary care hospital. Patient's age ranged from 26-78 years with a male predilection. Three cases were signet ring type adenocarcinomas, two cases were subtyped as enteric variant, one as mucinous variant and one as adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) variant. One case showed urachal involvement. Common site of involvement was the base and posterior wall of the bladder. Three cases had prior history of GIT malignancy. No morphologic difference was identified to differentiate primary from secondary adenocarcinomas. Bladder adenocarcinoma is rare tumours. Primary and secondary adenocarcinomas cannot be distinguished from each other on morphologic grounds. Ancillary studies may have limited role in distinguishing between the two. Hence, clinical correlation has a major role in their evaluation.

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Bladder, primary and secondary adenocarcinoma, urachal, tumour

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This study examines the role and effectiveness of multidisciplinary learning through the integration of Culture, Art, and STEM in schools of Odisha within the framework of India's National Education Policy 2020. The research adopts a qualitative secondary research methodology, drawing upon academic literature, policy documents, educational reports, and large-scale survey findings to analyse existing pedagogical practices, perceptions of teachers and students, implementation challenges, and educational outcomes. The findings indicate that while multidisciplinary learning is increasingly acknowledged at the policy level, its classroom-level implementation in Odisha remains uneven and largely informal, with greater adoption in urban and private schools than in government and rural institutions. The integration of cultural and artistic elements with STEM education is predominantly episodic and co-curricular rather than embedded within core instructional practices. However, evidence consistently demonstrates positive teacher and student perceptions, with significant improvements observed in student engagement, conceptual understanding, creativity, and socio-emotional development when Culture-Art-STEM approaches are systematically applied. Quantitative trends further reveal measurable gains in learning outcomes and reduced anxiety toward STEM subjects. Despite this potential, challenges such as curriculum rigidity, limited teacher training, resource constraints, and assessment inflexibility continue to hinder widespread adoption. The study concludes that culturally grounded multidisciplinary learning offers a powerful pathway to holistic and inclusive education in Odisha, provided that systemic, pedagogical, and institutional barriers are effectively addressed.

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Multidisciplinary Learning, Culture and Art Integration, STEM Education; STEAM Pedagogy, National Education Policy 2020, Culturally Responsive Teaching, Experiential Learning, Indigenous Knowledge Systems

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The changing global scenario of the 21st century demands sustainable development as posed alarming concerns for the entire world. Increasing environmental concerns have raised disturbing issues to the whole planet. This makes the necessity to embrace renewable and clean energies sources. Nevertheless, to have sustainable growth, financing is necessary; hence Green Finance has become a matter of critical role that is not only in the environmental science but also in business to investigate possibilities to tackle its issues and to make an effort to green the banking system bond. Low carbon has become the central component of green finance, since it is a combination of the environment, financial industry and economic growth. Green Finance is primarily aimed at attracting investment in green projects, enhance the rate of returns on such investments and discourage the polluting investments. In the current research, an effort has been made to perform measurable broad-spectrum research on Green Finance. Real estate industry is a significant source of carbon emission, energy use, and depletion of resources and this is why it is a very critical focus area in ensuring that the objectives of climate mitigation and sustainable development of India are realized. Climate finance has been seen as an instrument to mobilize funding towards environmentally sustainable endeavours using tools like green bonds and ESG-linked lending, green credit systems and carbon finance systems. Nevertheless, climate finance performance towards changing the real estate industry will be subject to both the power and enforceability of the regulatory measures as well as the actual execution of sustainable lending by the financial institutions. This paper will look at how climate finance is organized in India with a particular reference to that in the real estate industry. It measures regulatory frameworks by the institutions like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the sustainability disclosure and ESG disclosure of the large Indian banks like SBI, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, YES Bank and PNB. The study uses a qualitative approach, which is the secondary data analysis, review of the policy, analysis of the bank reports and benchmarking against the frameworks such as the EU Sustainable Finance Taxonomy and the green financing programs in Singapore. The results show that even though India has developed the basics of climate finance rules, and banks have implemented ESG, the country has a lot to do in terms of sector implementation, standard taxonomy, concessional financing connection, and post-disbursement environmental tracking. The paper establishes the policy, institutional, as well as operational gaps that impede effective adoption of climate finance in real estate. It ends with a recommendation that can be taken to ensure the regulatory coherence, to improve the integration of climate risks at the bank level, and to make financial mechanisms more sustainable to speed up the shift towards climate resilient real estate development in India.

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 Keywords

Climate Finance, Green Finance, Real Estate Sector, Sustainable Development, ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance), Green Bonds, Sustainable Banking, Policy Implementation, Financial Institutions, Climate Risk

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions a transformative approach to education, emphasizing the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to prepare learners for the demands of the 21st century. This paper explores the critical role of ICT tools in revolutionizing education by fostering accessibility, equity, and quality in teaching and learning processes. With the increasing digitalization of society, ICT tools have emerged as powerful enablers of innovative pedagogical practices, collaborative learning, and personalized education. The NEP 2020 underscores the potential of ICT in bridging gaps in education delivery, enhancing teacher capacity, and providing students with diverse and inclusive learning opportunities. This paper examines how ICT tools, such as digital classrooms, e-resources, virtual labs, and AI-driven applications, align with NEP 2020's objectives of skill development, critical thinking, and lifelong learning. It also highlights the policy's emphasis on teacher training for ICT adoption and the establishment of digital infrastructure in schools to ensure widespread implementation. Furthermore, the paper addresses the challenges of ICT integration, including the digital divide, lack of resources, and resistance to technological change, proposing strategies to overcome these barriers. It explores case studies and best practices from various educational institutions to showcase the successful implementation of ICT tools in accordance with NEP 2020. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a cohesive framework to embed ICT in curriculum design, assessment, and capacity building. By doing so, it demonstrates how ICT can transform education into a dynamic and inclusive system that nurtures 21st-century skills, empowers teachers, and equips students to thrive in a globalized, technology-driven world. The findings underscore the pivotal role of ICT in achieving the NEP 2020 vision of an equitable, flexible, and future-ready education system.

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Keywords : NEP 2020, 21st-century Education, Digital Transformation, Equitable Education, Innovative Pedagogy.

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The Water Dancer reimagines the history of American slavery through a narrative that foregrounds memory, mobility, and the persistent quest for freedom. This paper examines the novel through the lens of travel and spatial theory, arguing that mobility functions both as a mechanism of oppression and a pathway toward liberation. Enslavement in the novel is marked by enforced immobility--physical confinement, restricted movement, and the constant threat of displacement through the slave trade. At the same time, movement becomes a radical act of resistance. Through the protagonist Hiram Walker's journeys, the narrative explores how travel transforms from coerced mobility into purposeful movement toward freedom. Drawing on travel theory and spatial studies, the paper investigates how the novel reconfigures traditional notions of travel. Unlike voluntary journeys typically associated with exploration, the movement of enslaved bodies is structured by violence, surveillance, and economic control. Yet the narrative simultaneously constructs alternative routes of mobility through secret networks, collective resistance, and the supernatural practice of Conduction. The Underground Railroad emerges not merely as a historical escape route but as a symbolic geography of hope and solidarity. The paper argues that Coates situates mobility at the intersection of memory, identity, and liberation. By transforming travel into a site of struggle and transformation, the novel challenges dominant narratives of movement and freedom in American literature. Ultimately, the text redefines travel as a political and emotional journey that reconstructs both individual identity and collective historical memory.

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Mobility, Conduction, liberation, travel, Magic.

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Agriculture forms the backbone of India's economy, with farmers serving as the primary providers of sustenance for the population. However, changing climatic conditions could impact their crops. This paper presents an Agricultural Web Assistance System developed using Python, Flask, and Machine Learning to provide smart solutions for farmers and retailers. The system allows farmers to register and share agricultural waste details, which are processed by the Gemini model to generate useful insights and automatically create posts visible to retailers. Retailers can then view and utilize these posts, creating a platform for effective resource management. The application integrates satellite view and realtime weather forecasting to support data-driven crop prediction, while soil fertility analysis further refines the recommendations. Additionally, the system predicts crop diseases and provides fertilizer recommendations to enhance productivity. With multilingual support and access to nearby NGOs, the platform ensures inclusivity and accessibility. This paper is a comprehensive digital platform designed to support farmers by providing crucial agricultural insights and services. By integrating technology into farming, this paper aims to reduce risks, increase productivity.

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Machine Learning, Python, Agricultural Web Assistance, Gemini Model.

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Gender-based violence remains a major cause for concern, with the United Nations including the ending of discrimination and elimination of violence against all women and girls everywhere as one of its Sustainable Development Goals. In India, the government has implemented the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao programme with the same intent. This paper discusses relevant literature describing the response of the Haryana Government to crisis arising from gender-based violence. Main themes include the definition of crisis, government initiatives to prevent, and responses to crisis arising out of gender-based violence. Literature reviewed included research studies and papers, books, and newspaper articles. The content of this paper is original and is related to the topic of the author's doctoral thesis.

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gender-based violence, crisis communication, government communication, government crisis management, government public relations, public relations, Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao

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ABSTRACT Smart libraries are seen as the next step in the evolutionary journey of information centers, where Artificial Intelligence (AI), automation technologies, and open access technologies are integrated to provide efficient, inclusive, and sustainable knowledge services. This study aims to examine the role of AI-based tools, automated technologies, and open access technologies in building sustainable smart libraries. The study is based on a user-centric approach, where 700 users (350 male and 350 female) between the ages of 18 and 35 years are chosen for the study, representing active digital age users. The study aims to examine user awareness and usage of AI-based tools, automated technologies, and open access technologies in libraries. The study found that AI-based tools are effective in providing efficient services, automated technologies are effective in increasing efficiency, and open access technologies are effective in providing inclusive services. The study concluded that AI, automation technologies, and open access technologies are essential in building sustainable smart libraries.

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Keywords: Smart Libraries, Artificial Intelligence, Automation, Open Access, Sustainability, Digital Libraries

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An essential part of any construction work, set out refers to the process of ensuring that components of a project are built to the correct tolerances to ensure structural integrity, exactness and quality. This often entails time-consuming work using measuring tapes, chalk lines and even total stations. How- ever, using human or animal-powered methods for set out in the construction industry is unreliable, as even the smallest margins of error are exacerbated by repetition, leading to potential rework and even project delays. In this study, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Automated Setout Robot (ASR) was fabricated to alleviate tedious, unreliable set out work processes and to improve the precision, reliability and productivity of on-site layout work. The IoT-based ASR uses an ESP32 mainboard equipped with communication functions such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS to obtain the set out points from the cloud, and, subsequently, works the pre-defined path to facilitate autonomous working. By adopting odometry and a path-planning algorithm for control, the ASR helps to ensure the ASR to ensure accuracy and reliability throughout the process. Based on the concept of enhancing on-site construction productivity by employing automation technologies in line with the smart construction framework of Industry 4.0, a working ASR was developed and tested under simulated set out working conditions. The experimental testing proved that the ASR was able to improve the work accuracy and reliability and to shorten the time for on-site set out works, while compared with the current existing manual approach, the proposed ASR obviously achieves the advantages of the reduction of the amount of on-site work as well as increased productivity.

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Index Terms: autonomous mobile robot; construction site layout; IoT-enabled robotics; cloud-assisted control; embedded systems; motor control; smart construction; Industry 4.0

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This study was conducted in 2021 across five villages in the Rajaborari estate, involving 80 farmers' fields, to analyze the soil's physico-chemical properties. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from five villages: Rajaborari, Mara Podal, Mogra Dhana, Gorakhal, and Budhu Dhana. The physical properties of the soil, including texture, porosity, and permeability, were assessed using laboratory experiments and manual testing methods. The results indicated a predominance of clay, classifying the soil as silty-clay with low porosity and permeability, making it well-suited for paddy cultivation.Chemical properties such as soil pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese) were determined using standard methods. The soil was found to be neutral to slightly acidic (pH 6.6-6.9) with low to medium organic carbon content (0.75-0.90%) and EC ranging from 0.29 dS m-1 to 0.45 dS m-1. Post-crop production analysis showed low to moderate concentrations of key nutrients like nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, influenced by agricultural practices and fertilizer application. Micronutrient analysis revealed varying levels of sulphur (12.17-34.0 ppm), iron (15.40-17.41 ppm), copper (3.25-4.20 ppm), zinc (1.22-2.32 ppm), and manganese (8.25-20.33 ppm). The study highlights the importance of regular soil testing and targeted fertilization to maintain optimal soil health and enhance crop productivity in agricultural areas

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Soil pH, Organic Matter, Electrical Conductivity, Micronutrient, Rajaborari

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This paper explores how literary portrayals of artificial intelligence question what it means to be human by focusing on personhood, moral responsibility, physical presence, and emotional connection. Through a comparative reading of Isaac Asimov's I, Robot (1950) and Ian McEwan's Machines Like Me (2019), the study places both texts within posthumanist thought and argues that they challenge human-centred ideas of ethical authority and moral superiority. I draw on posthumanist work by Donna Haraway, Rosi Braidotti, N. Katherine Hayles, Cary Wolfe, along with AI ethics research by scholars such as David Gunkel, Joanna Bryson, Sherry Turkle, and Kate Crawford, the paper treats artificial intelligence not as a neutral tool, but as a relational and emotionally charged presence.

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After the Human: AI Personhood, Agency, and Emotional Entanglement in Machines Like Me and I, Robot

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This study investigates how digital platforms enable market access for sustainable rural startups, a critical factor in bridging the urban-rural economic divide. The primary objectives are to identify the types of platforms utilized, analyse the mechanisms through which they create market linkages, and evaluate the specific challenges these green ventures face online. Employing a mixed-methods methodology, the research combines a survey of 150 rural entrepreneurs across multiple sectors with in-depth case study analysis of 10 purposefully selected startups. Key findings reveal that e-commerce and social media platforms effectively bypass traditional geographic barriers, allowing for direct consumer engagement and premium pricing for sustainable value propositions. However, significant impediments persist, including high digital marketing costs, logistical complexities for eco-friendly packaging, and difficulty in communicating nuanced sustainability narratives. The study concludes that while digital platforms are powerful "bridges" for market reach, their effectiveness depends on targeted support in digital literacy, green logistics, and impact storytelling. These implications are vital for policymakers, ecosystem builders, and entrepreneurs aiming to leverage the digital economy for equitable and sustainable rural development.

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digital platforms, rural entrepreneurship, sustainable startups, market access, digital inclusion, e-commerce

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Cloud computing has significantly reshaped various aspects of software development and deployment, particularly in the area of Quality Assurance (QA). By integrating cloud technologies into QA processes, organizations gain greater flexibility, scalability, and operational efficiency, enabling them to maintain and enhance software quality more effectively. This study aims to identify and examine the most critical components of quality assurance within cloud computing environments. It focuses on analyzing essential quality parameters across different cloud service models, including Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), highlighting the unique QA requirements and challenges associated with each model. The paper further explores emerging trends in cloud-based QA, such as automation, continuous testing, and multi-cloud strategies, and discusses how these advancements can strengthen quality assurance practices. Additionally, it addresses the key challenges faced by QA teams in cloud environments, including security, compliance, and performance variability, while considering how innovative technologies can help overcome these obstacles. The study concludes by proposing a set of best practices designed to streamline QA processes, reduce operational costs, and ensure the consistent delivery of reliable, high-quality cloud services.

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Cloud Computing (CC), Quality Assurance (QA), Challenges, Opportunities, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS

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Menstruation is a natural physiological process experienced by women of reproductive age, characterized by cyclic hormonal changes leading to uterine shedding. While menstruation is a normal part of female biology, it can be accompanied by various physical and emotional symptoms, including changes in nutritional behavior. This abstract aims to provide a comprehensive review of nutritional behavior during menstruation, highlighting key aspects such as dietary preferences, nutrient requirements, and the impact of hormonal fluctuations on food choices. During menstruation, many women experience cravings for specific foods, with chocolate, sweets, and salty snacks being commonly desired.

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Menstruation,Nutrient, behaviour

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Financial fraud has become a major concern with the rapid growth of digital banking and online transactions. Traditional rule-based fraud detection systems often fail to identify sophisticated fraudulent patterns, leading to significant financial losses. This paper presents a machine learning-based transaction fraud detection system that uses a Decision Tree Classifier to identify fraudulent financial transactions in real-time. The system is trained on a public payments dataset containing over 6 million transactions with features including transaction type, amount, and account balances. Feature engineering techniques such as label encoding of categorical variables are applied to improve model performance. The trained model achieves approximately 99.9% accuracy on test data. The complete system includes a training script, command-line prediction tools, a REST API for real-time inference, and a browser-based user interface for demonstration. This integrated solution provides financial institutions with an accurate, scalable, and accessible framework for automated fraud detection

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Fraud Detection System,Machine learning

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Retinal diseases are a major cause of vision loss, and early detection is very important. Retinal fundus imaging is a safe and non-invasive method used to examine the eye. In this study, a deep learning model using CNN and MobileNet is proposed to classify retinal images into five disease categories. The model uses preprocessing techniques and shows good accuracy, helping doctors with faster and reliable screening.

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Retinal images, deep learning, convolutional neural network, MobileNet, medical image classification, eye disease detection, image processing.

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Abstract-- This paper presents a Spoken Language Identification (LID) system designed for multilingual Indian speech. The main objective of LID is to automatically identify the language spoken in an audio segment without depending on words or any textual information. In this study, Resemblyzer is used to extract meaningful speech features, generating a compact 256-dimensional vector representation for each audio utterance. The experiments are conducted using the IndicTTS corpus, which includes speech recordings from 13 major Indian languages. To evaluate the system's performance, three deep learning models are trained and tested: a standard Deep Neural Network (DNN), an RNN-LSTM model, and a proposed BiLSTM architecture. These models are trained using speech segments of 1.5 seconds to observe the effect of speech length on language identification accuracy. The experimental results show that the BiLSTM model performs consistently better than the other models. This improvement is mainly because BiLSTM can analyze speech patterns in both forward and backward directions, allowing it to capture more contextual information from the audio signal. As a result, it provides more accurate language classification. Overall, the study demonstrates that bidirectional temporal modeling can significantly improve the performance of language identification systems for Indian languages.

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Spoken Language Identification, Indian Languages, Deep Learning, Resemblyzer Embeddings, DNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, IndicTTS,

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Yoga in pregnancy is multi dimensional physical, mental, emotional and intellectual preparation to answer the challenges faced by a pregnant woman. The challenges of pregnancy are revealed by the state of happiness and stress while yoga is a skill to calm down the mind. Pregnancy in a woman is a condition in which woman changes both from inside as well as outside. These changes create obstacles or hurdles in the normal life of a pregnant woman and yoga in pregnancy can help the women to cruise through these changes and challenges. Practicing yoga during pregnancy provides a great range of activity and benefits to unborn child and mother by numerous ways. Yoga soothes the mind, refocus the energy and prepare the woman physiologically and psychologically for labour. Different breathing techniques impart invaluable neuro-muscular control and helps in coordinated relaxation and contraction of uterus. Different type of asanas (postures),are described in Ayurveda and Yoga darshan texts which can be performed by a pregnant woman as they consume low energy and provide greater benefits. Published articles and different studies with references have been considered to support the effect of yoga in pregnancy. Yoga practicing includes physical postures and breathing techniques which minimizes the complication of pregnancy, like pregnancy induced hypertension, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-term delivery etc. Western exercises bring about what is known as phase contraction of muscles while yogic exercises create a static contraction which maintains a muscle under tension without causing repeated motions [1] . An approach to yoga in pregnancy can improve birth weight; decrease pre-term labour, decreased IUGR with least or no complications.

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Pregnancy, Yoga, Asanas, Pranayama, Birth weight, stress

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 Abstract

Background: The concept of Adhaaraneeya Vega (non-suppressible natural urges) is a vital aspect of preventive medicine in Ayurveda, forming the foundation of Swasthavritta. Suppression of these natural urges (Vega Dharana) leads to vitiation of Vata dosha, resulting in multiple psychosomatic disorders. In today's era, professionals working in organised sectors such as IT, banking, school teachers and police services often face stressful working environments, rigid schedules, and lifestyle constraints, predisposing them to frequent suppression of natural urges. Aim: To assess the impact of Adhaaraneeya Vega Dharana among employees of organised sectors and to analyse its association with occupational patterns and related health outcomes. Objectives: To identify the most commonly suppressed Adhaaraneeya Vega among employees in IT, banking, school teachers, and police sectors. To study the relationship between occupational stress, working environment, and Vega Dharana. To correlate statistical findings with Ayurvedic understanding of Dosha Prakopa and disease manifestation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 400 participants from four organised sectors--IT professionals, school teachers, bank employees, and police officers (100 participants each). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing suppression of 14 Adhaaraneeya Vegas and associated symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's Chi-square test, correlation, and multivariate linear regression to determine associations and significance levels (p < 0.05). Results: Significant associations were observed between certain Vega Dharanas and occupational groups. For instance, Kasa Vega Dharana showed statistical significance among bank employees (p = 0.04) and police officers (p = 0.02). Similar occupational trends were seen in Shukra and Nidra Vega Dharana among IT professionals, reflecting lifestyle-induced suppression. The findings indicate that Adhaaraneeya Vega Dharana varies according to professional environment and correlates with stress, irregular routines, and lack of bodily awareness. Discussion: Frequent suppression of natural urges leads to Vata-Prakopa and subsequent Doshic imbalance, manifesting as both somatic and psychological disorders. The study highlights the growing health risks in organised sectors where occupational compulsion overrides natural physiological needs, validating the classical Ayurvedic teachings of Swasthavritta and Vega Anigraha. Conclusion: Suppression of Adhaaraneeya Vega is common among organised sector employees, significantly influencing health and well-being. Awareness and implementation of Ayurvedic preventive measures such as adherence to Ayurvedic principles, proper diet, and stress management can prevent occupational disorders and promote holistic health.

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Keywords: Adhaaraneeya Vega, Vega Dharana, Organised Sector, Occupational Health

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No-cost Equated Monthly Installment (EMI) schemes have become an integral component of India's rapidly expanding digital retail economy. By eliminating immediate financial burdens, these credit mechanisms enable consumers to access aspirational and high-value products with ease. This paper examines the influence of no-cost EMI on consumer buying behavior by analyzing secondary data from the IIM Ahmedabad report Digital Retail Channels and Consumers: The Indian Perspective (2024), based on responses from 35,869 consumers across India. Results demonstrate that EMI and Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) options significantly enhance affordability, reduce psychological spending barriers, and stimulate discretionary purchasing, particularly among young and low-income consumers. Integrating behavioral economics, technology acceptance theories, and the philosophical critique of consumer culture by Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment, this study highlights how digital retail systems shape consumer rationality, desire, and identity. Managerial implications for retailers, policymakers, and financial institutions are discussed.

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No-Cost EMI, Consumer Behavior, Digital Retail, BNPL, Deferred Payment, Behavioral Economics, Dialectic of Enlightenment, India, Fintech, Online Shopping

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