Volume 14 | Issue 3

 Abstract

The rapid expansion of e-commerce platforms has significantly transformed consumers purchasing behavior in India. Among various online marketplaces, Amazon has emerged as one of the most preferred platforms due to its wide product range, competitive princing and convenient delivery services. The present study aims to examine customer satisfaction towards Amazon's services among consumers in vadodara city.

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 Keywords

E-commerce, Customer Satisfaction, Amazon,Online Shoping,Customer Behavior

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The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly transformed traditional employment models, leading to the emergence of freelancing as a dominant workforce paradigm. Online freelancing platforms have become essential in connecting clients with skilled professionals across geographical boundaries. However, existing systems often suffer from inefficient freelancer selection, limited intelligent matching mechanisms, lack of integrated communication modules, and inadequate administrative control. These limitations reduce user satisfaction and increase project failure rates.This research presents the design and development of an intelligent freelancing platform built using the MERN stack, consisting of MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js. The proposed system provides a centralized web-based environment where clients can post projects, freelancers can submit bids, and administrators can monitor system activities. Secure authentication is implemented using JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and password encryption through crypt to ensure data protection and controlled access.A real-time chat system using Socket.io enables seamless communication between clients and freelancers, thereby reducing misunderstandings and improving collaboration efficiency. The system architecture follows a three-tier client-server model, ensuring scalability, maintainability, and performance optimization. MongoDB is utilized for flexible and scalable data storage, while Express.js manages backend APIs and business logic. The frontend, developed in React.js, ensures an interactive and responsive user interface.The implementation results demonstrate improved workflow management, secure role-based operations, and efficient project lifecycle handling. The system proves to be a scalable and practical solution suitable for real-world deployment in the freelancing ecosystem

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Freelancing Platform, MERN Stack, Real-Time Communication, Online Marketplace, Web Application Development.

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Abstract Life skills have evolved to be a very vital part of modern education since it contributes to the all-around development of people and not just the achievement of academic goals. The current paper discusses the chosen research on life skills in higher secondary school. It reviews the studies and analyses the connection between life skills and such psychological and educational variables as self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem, academic achievement, gender, type of school, and social background. The paper is theoretical and review-based in nature and uses secondary data based on the chosen studies and institutional frameworks on life skills. The review has indicated that the life skills are closely interrelated with the self-related features of students and could also have a positive influence on academic performance. The studies also suggest that the discrepancy in life skills could be found between gender, school context, and social background, but these are not constantly maintained. The other key conclusion is that life skills are multidimensional, such that they encompass emotional, cognitive, social, and behavioural competencies. The review has suggested that life skills must be viewed as a core aspect in higher secondary education as opposed to being an extra activity. It concludes that life skills development must be reinforced by structured programmes, trained teachers, and supportive programs to the students.

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Keywords: Life skills, higher secondary students, adolescence, academic achievement, self-esteem

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This study aimed to examine the relationship between sense of humor and loneliness among young adults. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected from 399 participants using standardized self-report measures. The UCLA Loneliness Scale and Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) were used to assess loneliness and humor styles. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation using SPSS. The findings revealed that there was no statistically significant relationship between loneliness and humor styles, including affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating humor. The study suggests that loneliness may be influenced by multiple psychosocial factors beyond humor styles. These findings contribute to the understanding of psychological variables associated with loneliness among young adults.

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 Keywords

Loneliness, Sense of Humor, Young Adults, Humor Styles, Psychological Well-being

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Children with visual impairments face unique challenges that extend across education, social integration, and independent living. In the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, these challenges are shaped not only by disability but also by geographic remoteness, limited access to adaptive learning technologies, and socio-economic constraints. This paper examines the impact of visual impairment on children's educational outcomes, cognitive development, and psychosocial well-being. Drawing on field data, program documentation, and case profiles from the Ek Kadam Aur Foundation (EKAF) and its Arunodaya Program, we explore how adaptive learning tools, digital navigation training, and tactile logic interventions affect academic achievement and independence. The findings highlight significant gains in cognitive skills, self-confidence, and social participation among children exposed to inclusive education models reinforced with technology-assisted learning.

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Adaptive learning, Visual impairment, Educational outcomes, Assistive technology, Digital navigation, Social inclusion

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This experimental study investigates the Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS Beads) as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in a concrete mix. It also explores how partially replacing fine aggregates with EPS beads affects the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Compressive Strength of M25 grade concrete. In this research, fine aggregates were replaced with EPS beads at different levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume. Concrete samples were prepared and tested after curing periods of 7, 21 and 28 days to examine their properties such as compressive strength, UPV values etc. On the fresh concrete mix, we also check the work ability. The results showed that, as the percentage of EPS increased, both compressive strength and UPV values are getting decreased. This happened mainly because EPS beads reduce the overall density of concrete and bonding between particles. However, it was also observed that mixes with a moderate amount of EPS had better work ability. The study suggests that, using a limited amount of EPS as a replacement material in concrete can help for producing lightweight concrete. Such concrete may not be suitable for heavy structural purposes, but can be effectively used in non-structural elements.

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Lightweight concrete, Sustainable construction, Density reduction, Acoustic property.

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Compulsory licensing is a pressure-release valve in patent law: it protects incentives to invent while making sure people can actually get the technologies they need--especially life-saving medicines when it matters most. Anchored in article 31 of trips and underscored by the 2001 doha declaration on public health, it lets governments authorize use of a patent without the owner's consent, but only under clearly defined safeguards. This paper maps the global rules that shape compulsory licensing and shows how india puts them to work through the patents act, 1970--focusing on sections 84, 92, and 92a--using a doctrinal lens alongside comparative insights. Drawing on touchstone examples like natco pharma ltd. V. Bayer corporation and the canada-rwanda apotex route, it demonstrates how india and other countries leverage trips flexibilities to bring medicine prices within reach. The takeaway is straightforward: compulsory licensing isn't a loophole in patent law--it's a built-in flexibility--and it works best when processes are transparent, royalties are fair, and countries coordinate across borders to balance innovation with equitable access.

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 Keywords

Compulsory Licensing, Patent Law, TRIPS Agreement, Doha Declaration, Public Health, Access to Medicines, Indian Patents Act, Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, Affordable Drugs, Section 84, Section 92, Section 92A.

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This study focuses on analysing brand awareness of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. in Sri kalahasti. Brand awareness plays an important role in influencing consumer purchasing decisions, customer loyalty, and brand preference in the competitive beverage industry. The main objective of this study is to understand the level of awareness among consumers regarding Coca-Cola products and to identify the factors influencing their buying behaviour. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 100 respondents using a simple random sampling method in the Sri kalahasti area. Secondary data was collected from company reports, websites, journals, and previous research studies. The collected data was analyzed using the percentage method to understand consumer opinions, preferences, and awareness levels. The findings reveal that younger consumers show higher awareness of Coca-Cola brands, and brand name, availability, and advertising significantly influence purchasing decisions. Posters, billboards, and television are found to be the most effective media for creating brand awareness. The study also indicates that many consumers recognize individual brands such as Thumps Up, Sprite, and Fanta but are not fully aware that these brands belong to the Coca-Cola company. The study concludes that while Coca-Cola has a strong brand presence in the market, the company needs to increase promotional activities, strengthen brand communication, and improve digital marketing strategies to enhance overall brand awareness and customer loyalty.

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Brand recognition, Brand recall, Brand visibility, Brand identity.

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The growing emphasis on sustainability in construction has led to increased interest in utilizing agricultural by-products in concrete. This study investigates the combined effect of coconut shell as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate and coconut fibre as a reinforcing agent in concrete. Coconut shell concrete (CSC), while lightweight and eco-friendly, often suffers from reduced mechanical performance. To overcome this limitation, natural coconut fibres were incorporated in varying percentages (2.5% to 15%) into M20 and M25 grade concrete with 10%, 20%, and 30% coconut shell replacements. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to evaluate compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, water absorption, and creep characteristics. Results revealed that the addition of coconut fibre significantly enhanced tensile and flexural performance, particularly at an optimal 10% fibre content. The optimal mix of M25 concrete with 10% coconut shell and 10% fibre exhibited the best balance of strength, ductility, and durability. Furthermore, water absorption and shrinkage increased with higher fibre content, though manageable within practical limits. This research supports the viability of integrating coconut shell and fibre into concrete as a sustainable solution for non-structural and light-load applications, offering an innovative use of agro-waste in green construction practices.

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Coconut Shell Concrete, Coconut Fibre, Sustainable Construction, Lightweight Aggregate

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents the design and development of a real-time stock monitoring web application built using the MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js) stack. The system enables users to track stock prices, view historical trends, and receive live updates through API integration. The backend is developed using Node.js and Express.js, providing RESTful APIs for data handling, while MongoDB is used for storing user preferences and watchlists. The frontend is built with React.js, offering a responsive and interactive user interface. Real-time stock data is fetched using third-party financial APIs and displayed dynamically using charts and dashboards. The system ensures scalability, responsiveness, and efficient data handling, making it suitable for investors and traders seeking real-time insights.

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MERN Stack, Stock Monitoring, Real-Time Data, React.js, Node.js, MongoDB, API Integration, Web Application

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The paper proposes a U-Net-based deep learning framework that segments brain tumors from MRI scans and tracks their progression over time. It accurately detects tumor regions, measures size changes, and analyzes growth or shrinkage to support diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Brain Tumor Detection, Deep Learning, U-Net, MRI Segmentation, Temporal Progression Analysis, Medical Image Processing.

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 Abstract

This paper examines communitarianism as a political philosophy having a integral bond between individual identity and the community. It focuses on the necessary corrections to atomistic individualism which emphasizes on liberty and equality. Drawing primarily on Will Kymlicka's analysis, it argues that personal and social identity can not be fully understood apart from shared history, culture, language and practices. He believes that community must be constitutive rather than derivative. He distinguishes "backward-looking" communitarianism (nostalgic for pre modern social modern and often exclusionary) from "forward - looking" communitarianism that embrace individual choice and cultural diversity while still insisting on the moral priority of communal contexts Communitarianism deals with the concept of common good, opposing the liberal idea of neutral state. Will Kymlicka highlights that how this theory challenges the liberal conception of the "unencumbered self", and proposes "encumbered self" that individual is embedded within the communal practices and shared traditions that emphasize on their choices and self-understanding. However, this paper will raise the concerns regarding cultural relativism, minority rights, and potential suppression of individual autonomy. The debate between backward looking and forward looking communitarianism also reflects tensions between preserving traditional communal bonds and accommodating modern diversity and individual choices. Ultimately, the paper presents communitarianism's central challenges of balancing diversity and unity, seeking to foster civics solidarity and a common national identity without suppressing the cultural and ethnic pluralism that defines modern democratic society .

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Communitarianism, Common Good, Embedded Self, Politics of Neutrality, Social Justice.

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Abstract Clean drinking water is crucial for survival and preventing waterborne diseases, since last few decades, it has been observed that water resources are limited and must be conserved, leading to the necessity for improving quality control. Many of the communicable diseases having the greatest impact on mankind are waterborne, and a permanent reduction in morbidity and mortality can most effectively be achieved by providing safe drinking water. In present study physico-chemical analysis of 15 drinking water samples was carried out to develop a data base on the quality of water being consumed in different areas of Shegaon taluka. The drinking water samples were taken from the main water sources from where maximum people using them for drinking purpose. Physicochemical analysis of water is categorized as Mineral Analysis consisting of physical parameters including analysis covering COD, BOD, DO, etc., Nutrient Analysis consisting of different forms of nitrogen, phosphorous. Measurement of Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Salinity, Turbidity and Dissolved Oxygen was done. standard methods were applied to determine the quantities of other components. Most of the water samples were within WHO/ ISI standards. The results of the present research work showed that drinking water collected from different areas of Shegaon taluka was found to be suitable for human health. It is recommended to boil water, proper chlorination, use efficient system for garbage collection and its disposal, proper sewage waste treatment, recycling of waste into useful products such as fertilizers, education to people through awareness program about the causes +and consequences of water pollution.

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Keywords: Physicochemical Parameters, Nutrient analysis, Drinking water.

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This study looks at the packaging preferences of rural consumers in few Andhra Pradesh areas fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). The study focusses on pack size, price sensitivity, visual attractiveness, and word of mouth influence using a descriptive research design and primary data from the 106 respondents. The preferences were analysed using percentage analysis. The findings show that the consumers have a strong preference for the tiny pack sizes (sachets or pouches), are highly sensitive to pricing, and greatly influenced by word of mouth while buying the products. In rural FMCG markets, packaging is major factor in brand awareness and consumer behaviour.

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 Keywords

FMCG, Packaging, Rural consumers, Sachets

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The concepts of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha have been deliberated upon by different philosophers over time. Originally, there were only Dharma, Artha and Kama, and after renunciatory practices originated from Shramanism, Buddhism and Jainism, Moksha became a centrefold in the religious arguments. These divergent value systems are depicted in the ancient text, Somadeva's Kathasaritsagar, a collection of stories translated from Brihatkatha, written by Gunadhya in 200 BCE-500 CE in a now lost language, Paisachi. It is about royal families, courtiers and commoners living during the early medieval times. The narratives in the Kathasaritsagar (KSS) dwell into the frameworks of ethics that encompasses Buddhist value systems before it was accepted into the Hindu philosophical thoughts and religious folds. Multinarrative also play a part in KSS since some stories could be interpreted variedly as per the speaker and listeners. Since the narrator shifts the perspective, there are stories where gambling is a vice, and stories where gamblers are praised for their intelligence in outwitting everyone, including gods. Intersecting storylines are also another characteristic of stories in the KSS which bring out various perspectives emphasising simplicity, stupidity, or intelligence as per the intention of the story. The Kathasaritsagar has not been considered an elitist text since its protagonists varies from courtly men to barbers, fishermen and asuras. Therefore, it has not been brought into any mainstream study of Indian culture or literary studies unlike the other two classics Ramayana and Mahabharata although once Kathasaritsagar was equally exalted by litterateurs of the 4th-6th century since most of their Sanskrit plays originated from this text. This paper looks at multivalent narratives as well as stories of the common man advocating and imparting values to high profile individuals of the time like kings and sanyasis.

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 Keywords

Kathasaritsagar, multinarrative, values, marginalised text

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 Abstract

Language acquisition is an essential skill that kids pick up naturally, often without even realizing it or needing formal lessons. Because of this, teachers at the secondary level need to use effective strategies to boost learning outcomes. In many places, including our own, a lot of students are learning English as a second language, which highlights the importance for English teachers to bring fresh and innovative methods into their classrooms. Sadly, many students struggle with English, and this is often due to a heavy reliance on traditional textbook teaching. On top of that, teachers frequently encounter obstacles because they lack proper teaching resources, which can be outdated or just not enough. This paper aims to shed light on different strategies that secondary level English teachers can use to teach the language more effectively, with the ultimate goal of enhancing student engagement and proficiency in English.

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English language, Secondary level, Teaching aid, Technologies, Effective strategy.

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Eighty-five percent of individuals rely directly or indirectly on plants for their basic needs. Ethnobotany is a unique field within natural resources that explores the connection between plants and humans, considering various factors such as botany, economics, medicine, religion, culture, and other traditional necessities. Present study 46 angiospermic plants species associated with 43 genera and 23 families are recorded, that are used for the treatment of various types of fever's as well as other disease by the tribe, rural and local community of the Sonbhadra district.

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Ethnobotany, fever, tribal community, Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh.

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In the modern digital era, technology has become an essential part of everyday life, supporting communication, banking, healthcare, education, and government services. As India rapidly expands its digital infrastructure and internet usage, the country has also witnessed a significant rise in cyber threats. Cybercriminals are continuously developing new techniques to exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems, making cybersecurity a critical concern for organizations, institutions, and individuals. This journal explores several major cybersecurity incidents and trends that affected India between 2023 and 2025. It examines important cases such as the AIIMS Delhi cyberattack, the ICMR data breach, the WazirX cryptocurrency exchange hack, issues related to Aadhaar-linked data exposure, cyber activities observed during Operation Sindoor, and the broader surge of more than 265 million cyberattack detections in India during 2025. These incidents demonstrate different types of cyber threats, including ransomware attacks, phishing campaigns, malware infections, data breaches, and distributed denial-ofservice (DDoS) attacks. By analysing these real-world events, the journal highlights how cyberattacks can disrupt critical sectors such as healthcare, government institutions, financial services, and digital platforms. It also explains how attackers exploit technical vulnerabilities and use social engineering techniques to gain unauthorized access to systems and sensitive information. Overall, this journal aims to provide a clearer understanding of the growing cybersecurity challenges in India, the evolving strategies used by cyber attackers, and the importance of strengthening cybersecurity awareness, policies, and technological defenses to protect the country's digital infrastructure and data.

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Cybersecurity, Cyberattacks in India, Data Breaches, Ransomware Attacks, Phishing Attacks, Digital Infrastructure Security, Cyber Threat Landscape

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background:Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is a critical enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, namely mycolic acid biosynthesis. It is a member of the NADH-dependent acyl carrier protein reductase family. The current literature focuses on several pyrrole analogs or enzyme inhibitors that decrease mycolic acid production, namely cell wall formation, by inhibiting the enzyme InhA. Pyrrole analogs were found to be the most effective compounds against InhA, with high bioavailability and MIC. The main objective of the present work to carry out extensive review on Pyrrole containing drugs in the market and thorough information, analysis, structure-activity relationships, and relevant insights on several Pyrrole analogs as InhA inhibitors. Main body: Comprehensive information on its Pyrrole containing drugs in the market , and relevant insights on several Pyrrole analogs as InhA inhibitors has been gathered and provided in this review article from a variety of web sources, including indexing sites like Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Research Gate. Numerous articles from databases and indexed journals have been gathered and methodically examined. Conclusion:The present review investigation is very much helpful for researchers and readers to collectively have valuable information on Pyrrole containing drugs in the market , and relevant insights on several Pyrrole analogs as InhA inhibitors. Innovative anti-TB pharmaceutical formulations that reduce drug resistance and shorten treatment duration are in high demand due to the rise of widespread and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. In order to cure tuberculosis, new anti-TB drugs can now be developed by specifically targeting InhA.

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Keyword:Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) ,Heterocyclic compounds ,Multi-drug resistant TB ,Pyrrole analogs,antitubercular agents.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Looking back at four decades of work in language teaching and applied language research reveals a range of methods. From ideas in psychology, society-focused language study, school-related linguistics, and language-centered anthropology, themes emerge. Five central issues shape what teachers and researchers explore. What ties culture to words and signs people use? Thinking changes depending on which symbols someone uses every day. Speakers may see the world in unique ways based on their language patterns. Even within one language, different groups carry separate views shaped by talk and usage. Another core issue: In what way do people show cultural values while using speech? Talks about how speaking works differ around the world, looks at talk through cultural lenses, also examines shared understandings people bring into conversations. Third point asks: How do people build culture together while talking? Explores shifts in applied linguistics - once fixed rules now seen as shaped by experience; less about correct usage more about doing things with words; attention moves from static traditions toward time, context, personal views. Fourth issue questions: What happens to studies of language and culture when tech gets involved? Printed books set limits just like digital spaces do - internet life, message threads, screen-based chats each reshape what can be spoken, recorded, acted out inside groups who share a way of communicating. Tied tightly to who holds power and makes decisions, these topics shape how we see them. Lately, scholars have begun challenging cultural norms more openly - politics now enters the conversation far more often than before. Work across different fields blends together with greater frequency, breaking old boundaries. Thinking about one's own role in research has become harder to ignore. Intercultural communication and practical language studies increasingly overlap when examining language and culture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

: Linguistics, Culture, Communication, Teaching, Language

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition