Volume 13 | Issue 4 | April 2025

 Abstract

This study focuses on evaluating the Levels of Service (LOS) for both vehicles at Abhishek Circle in Mysore, a busy intersection with high traffic and pedestrian activity. Data collection through traffic volume survey and traffic flow analysis is conducted. Key challenges identified include heavy vehicle volumes and traffic delays due to inefficient signal timings. Solutions for improving the intersection include optimizing traffic signal and reorganizing traffic lanes to enhance safety and flow for vehicles by designing the traffic signal which leads to reduction in the accident rates in the intersection.

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 Keywords

Traffic lanes, Abhishek circle, Vlos, traffic signals, accdient rates

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Clothing serves several essential functions, including protection, identification, and adornment. Among the methods used to enhance fabrics, printing techniques play a significant role, while conventional techniques like screen printing and block printing are still commonly used. Recently, eco-printing has emerged as a contemporary and sustainable technique that utilizes plant materials to create unique colors and patterns on textiles. Mordants, particularly a few Natural Mordants are critical in this process as they enhance and improve color quality with changes in the natural pigment of the flower & leaf and base colour of the fabric, resulting in unexpected results. This study aims to investigate the effects of pre-mordanting and post-mordanting on the color quality, shape, depth, fastness properties, and overall aesthetics of cotton fabrics printed with natural dyes derived from flowers and leaves. Flower and leaf impression printing, also known as floral impressionism or pounding, is an innovative technique that uses the natural shapes and colors of flowers to create unique prints on fabric. This eco-friendly method involves pressing fresh flowers or leaves into cloth, either by hand or using a hammer for the printing press, to transfer their intricate patterns and vibrant hues. As the textile industry faces scrutiny for its significant environmental impact, adopting sustainable practices like flower & leaf impression printing can revolutionize fabric printing and reduce pollution. Few benefits of Natural Printing, which contribute to both environment and Design Aesthetics are 1. Eco-Friendly Process ,2. Sustainable Fabrics,3. Minimal Waste, 4. Unique Aesthetic,5. Promoting Awareness, 6.Innovative.

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1. Eco-Friendly Process ,2. Sustainable Fabrics,3. Minimal Waste, 4. Unique Aesthetic,5. Promoting Awareness, 6.Innovative, 7.Carbon footprint reduction

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numerous types of cybercrime are organized through the internet.this focuses the phishing attacks the most severe and dangerous cyberattacks on the internet followed by mock sites,to obtain the required data from people in question from other people of marked cybercrimes

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 Keywords

Phishing,cybercrime,mock sites

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In the current era, computer technology has become ubiquitous across diverse domains. The integration of advanced systems, such as artificial intelligence, has introduced novel opportunities, capabilities, and challenges within the educational landscape. AI, through its ability to emulate human cognition in drawing conclusions and making predictions, empowers computer-based tools to offer personalized instruction, assistance, and feedback to both learners and educators. This study explores the influence of AI on education, discussing its key applications and examining the perceived advantages associated with its implementation.

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 Keywords

Ubiquitous, Artificial intelligence, educational landscape, personalized instruction, computer-based tools, human cognition.

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The rapid growth of Financial Technology (FinTech) has been a key driver in enhancing financial inclusion, particularly in rural India. This study investigates the post-pandemic adoption of digital payments in rural India, focusing on behavioural aspects such as savings, credit access, payment/transaction efficiency, and safety. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the reliance on digital solutions, yet there is a gap in understanding the behavioural factors influencing the adoption of FinTech in rural areas. This research employs a mixed-method approach, using stratified and convenience sampling methods to select a sample of 400 respondents from rural villages in Gurugram, Srinagar, Pune, and Hyderabad. Structured questionnaires are used to collect data on digital payment usage, socio-economic factors, and perceptions towards digital financial services. The findings highlight that awareness and knowledge (AAK) significantly impact financial inclusion (FI), with a path coefficient of 0.228, followed by safety (SAF) and credit access (CA), both demonstrating positive contributions. The role of payment technology (PAT) was found to have the weakest effect on financial inclusion, indicating that while technological solutions are important, they must be combined with trust and financial literacy to drive meaningful change. The study confirms that the perceived safety of digital transactions plays a critical role in adoption, particularly in rural settings where digital literacy may be lower. The R-squared value of 0.405 suggests that the independent variables (AAK, CA, PAT, SAF, and TIT) collectively explain 40.5% of the variance in financial inclusion. Furthermore, the research shows that perceived safety and trust in technology are significant determinants in the adoption of digital payments, underlining the importance of secure and trusted digital platforms for enhancing financial inclusion. The study contributes to the understanding of how FinTech platforms influence financial inclusion in rural India, offering insights into how awareness, access to credit, safety, and trust shape adoption behaviors. The findings have important policy implications for improving digital payment systems, ensuring their accessibility and safety, and ultimately driving greater financial inclusion in rural India

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 Keywords

Awareness, Credit Access, Safety, and Trust in Technology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Great Expectations by Charles Dickens stands as a seminal example of the Bildungsroman--a genre that charts the psychological and moral growth of its protagonist from youth to maturity. This research article examines Pip's evolution from a humble, kind-hearted child into a man confronted with the corrupting influence of wealth and the eventual reclamation of his intrinsic values. Through a close reading of key episodes in the narrative--his initial innocence, the impact of his encounter with Miss Havisham and Estella, his transformation upon inheriting wealth, and the shattering revelation of his benefactor's true identity--the study reveals how Pip's internal journey mirrors broader societal critiques of Victorian class and materialism. This article argues that Pip's maturation is marked not by social ascension but by a deep moral reawakening. Ultimately, Dickens posits that true gentility is a matter of character, rather than wealth or status, challenging the Victorian preoccupation with external markers of success. This paper contributes to the scholarly discourse by framing Pip's journey as a complex interplay between personal transformation and societal critique, emphasizing that the path to self-knowledge and redemption often involves confronting uncomfortable truths about oneself.

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Victorian society, materialism, redemption, transformation, revelation

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This literature review examines the relationship between spirituality and well-being in workplace settings, focusing on studies published between 2004 and 2024. Spirituality at work encompasses an individual's quest for meaning, purpose, and connectedness through their professional roles. Research indicates that integrating spiritual practices and values into the workplace can significantly enhance employee well-being and organizational performance. Key findings suggest that workplace spirituality contributes to various dimensions of well-being, including psychological resilience, job satisfaction, and overall mental health. Practices such as mindfulness, meditation, and reflective thinking have been linked to reduced stress and burnout, fostering a more engaged and productive workforce. Moreover, organizations that embrace spiritual values like justice, integrity, and compassion often experience improved morale and stronger interpersonal relationships among employees. The review also highlights the importance of aligning personal and organizational values to create a supportive work environment. Employees who perceive their workplace as supportive of their spiritual growth are more likely to experience higher levels of job satisfaction and reduced stress. Additionally, fostering a sense of community and belonging within the workplace contributes to enhanced emotional stability and job performance. In conclusion, integrating spirituality into workplace practices offers a holistic approach to enhancing employee well-being and organizational effectiveness. Future research should explore the differential impact of various spiritual traditions on workplace outcomes and investigate how organizations can strategically incorporate spiritual accommodations to support a more engaged and fulfilled workforce.

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The Role of Spirituality and Meditation in Enhancing Employee Well-Being and Reducing Stress: A Literature Review

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ABSTRACT: Scientific progress in electronic commerce and communication networks led to credit cards becoming the most popular payment instrument supporting in-store and electronic purchasing transactions. The number of credit card payment fraud incidents has substantially escalated because of current transaction trends. The yearly financial losses from fraud damages credit card issuers to such an extent that they need an advanced system with a complete fraud detection framework. Electronic payments have become a leading factor that drives the increase in fraudulent transactions. The urgent need exists for new methods which can detect credit card transaction fraud before it happens. Our fundamental research develops a transaction fraud system which integrates machine learning elements with original feature modification strategies. Our method received validation through experiments conducted with two real-world public credit card transaction datasets where one of them contained actual fraud cases. Our system achieved the highest success rate compared to other competing methods when processing both datasets. Our proposed method proves highly effective based on the achieved results. The tool from our approach strengthens credit card issuer capabilities to recognize fraudulent transactions thus safeguarding their customers while simultaneously minimizing loss and regulatory expense. A protected transaction environment for credit cards can emerge from implementing the procedures we have recommended.

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 Keywords

CCFD = Credit Card Fraud Detection ML = Machine Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Israel-Palestine conflict remains one of the most enduring and complex disputes in modern international relations, marked by a long history of territorial contestation, population displacement, and cycles of violence. Amidst escalating tensions and repeated allegations of human rights abuses, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has emerged as a potential mechanism for legal accountability. This study investigates the role and effectiveness of the International Criminal Court in addressing serious international crimes--genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity--within the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict. The research begins by exploring the historical roots of the conflict, marked by colonial legacies, territorial disputes and repeated outbreaks of violence, particularly in Gaza and the West Bank. It examines how both Israeli military operations and Palestinian armed groups have been accused of violating international humanitarian law, resulting in civilian casualties, forced displacement, infrastructure destruction. The study focuses on the ICC's legal framework under the Rome Statute and its jurisdiction over crimes committed in Palestine following its accession to the ICC in 2015. It explores the complexities of prosecuting crimes in a politically sensitive and asymmetrical conflict, where powerful actors like Israel and the United States reject the Court's jurisdiction. The principle of complementarity, which requires the ICC to act only when national systems fail to prosecute, is critically assessed, particularly in light of claims that Israel's domestic investigations lack impartiality. Through a case study analysis, this study evaluates the ICC's progress, challenges, and limitations in investigating alleged atrocities committed by both Israeli forces and Palestinian groups. It draws comparisons with other ICC cases, such as Sudan and Ukraine, to highlight patterns of geopolitical influence and selective justice. Finally, the study contends that while the ICC promotes global accountability and deters impunity, its effectiveness is limited by political pressures and enforcement gaps. Legal tools alone are insufficient; long-term peace and justice in Israel-Palestine necessitate international cooperation, grassroots advocacy, and political solutions that address deep-seated inequalities. The study concludes with recommendations for reforming the ICC and improving its ability to handle complex conflicts.

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 Keywords

War crimes, Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, International Criminal Court (ICC), Israel-Palestine conflict, International Humanitarian Law

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Preterm infants are exposed to an atypical sensory environment in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), which places them at risk for disrupted neurobehavioral development. Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of early physiotherapy-led sensory modulation strategies in promoting organized brain development and optimizing behavioral outcomes. This narrative review explores the current understanding of sensory modulation, reviews physiotherapy-based interventions in NICU, discusses their impact on neurobehavioral outcomes, and identifies future directions. Although the body of evidence remains limited and heterogeneous, findings support the integration of structured sensory-based physiotherapy practices within NICU care to improve long-term developmental trajectories in preterm infants.

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 Keywords

Keywords: preterm infants, physiotherapy, sensory modulation, neurobehavioral development, neonatal intensive care unit.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition