Volume 12 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

Sericulture, the practice of rearing silkworms for silk production, has been a significant agricultural activity for centuries. In recent years, advances in silkworm breeding, rearing practices, and silk production technologies have revolutionized the industry, making it more efficient, sustainable, and versatile. Key advancements in silkworm genetics, including selective breeding and genetic modification, have led to strains with enhanced silk yield, disease resistance, and superior fibre quality. Improved rearing techniques, such as optimized environmental controls and feed formulations, have further boosted productivity and reduced the impact of silkworm diseases. On the production front, novel approaches in silk processing, including bioengineering and nano-silk technologies, have expanded the applications of silk beyond textiles into fields like biomedicine and materials science. This review also addresses the environmental and economic implications of these innovations, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in sericulture. By integrating these advancements, the sericulture industry is poised to meet increasing global demand while contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.

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 Keywords

Sericulture, Silkworm Breeding, Silkworm rearing and silk production.

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The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has garnered significant attention due to its eco-friendly and sustainable approach. This review focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangrove leaf extracts, a promising green route for nanoparticle production. Mangroves, known for their rich bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols, serve as excellent reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of AgNPs. The review provides an overview of the key techniques used for the characterization of these nanoparticles, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It also highlights the biological applications of AgNPs synthesized from mangrove leaves, particularly their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Additionally, the review explores the potential of these biogenic AgNPs in environmental and biomedical applications. This green synthesis method offers a viable alternative to conventional chemical approaches, promoting sustainability while producing nanoparticles with diverse biological activities.

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 Keywords

Mangroves, Leaf extract, Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Microgreens term is used to grow various commercial crops like leafy vegetables. Its high demand in this current world due to presence of proteins, vitamins, LDL rich components in their chemical composition. These plantlets are harvested within two to three weeks. They are highly demanded for their nutrients rich source, concentrated flavours as well as their vibrant colours. Recently they are used in vegetables and fruit salads. They contain ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, folate, tocotreinols, phylloquinones, anthocyanin, glycosylates etc. Microgreens are small sprouts with 10cm length and growing without soil and water. These have significant potential to enhance high concentrate of beneficial compounds. They are having high nutritional value because of their secondary metabolites and commercial potential recent progress and perspectives related to production, postharvest techniques and preservation of microgreens. This paper will give an overall fact about microgreens production, harvesting, preservation. Green gram, wheat grass, chia seeds, fenugreek length of microgreens calculated, temperature, light availability, moisture physics parameters also calculated to optimum values, they grown upto 15cm and the physical parameters like LED (420447) blue LED production enhanced light intensity high production also increased, below 400 C temperature with less moisture increase the growth of microgreens. The shelf life is increased when they kept in 40 C for 6 days without moisture and are wrapped with polythene cover.

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 Keywords

LDL, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, anthocyanin, glycosylates

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A microbial biosensor combines a physical transducer and one or more microorganisms to produce a quantifiable signal that is proportionate to the quantity of analyses. Recently, a wide range of microbial biosensors for use in food, medicine, and the environment have been developed Microbial biosensors have numerous advantages in ecotoxicity testing. Microorganisms are generally cheaper to culture than higher organisms, and they can be produced in large batches, subjected to stringent quality control procedures, and freeze dried for storage. Cyano-bacterial biosensors for detecting herbicides represent an innovative application of biotechnology. These biosensors use cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to sense the presence of herbicides, leveraging their natural biological processes to produce measurable signals. Various biological constituents, including enzymes, cells, and organelles, as well as luminous cyanobacterial biosensors that are taken into consideration in this review, have been immobilized on suitable transducer surfaces in biosensors designed for herbicide detection.

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 Keywords

Ecotoxicity luciferase, Immunosensors, Biosenssors, Atrazine

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The changes in the environment in the 21st century are questioning the survival of the human species. Now the Era of Global Warming has ended and the Era of Global Boiling has begun. This era started from 2023 and since then the temperatures have been recorded high worldwide. As a result of the changes in the environment, high rainfall i.e. cloudbursts, artificial rainfalls through cloud seeding methods in rainless areas, tsunamis, melting of glaciers, sudden floods and super cyclones are occurring. In the past, the 2015 Paris climate agreement required every country to bring global warming to net zero carbon emissions. Accordingly, a specific deadline has been established to reduce carbon emissions. Non-fossil fuel sources for this. Due to the increase in carbon emissions, we are seeing frequent forest fires, powerful typhoons, sky-high floods, tornadoes, droughts and tsunamis in the world. Mountain and Arctic,Antarktika ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change. Warming of ocean waters due to global warming is likely to affect some species in Extinction. Especially in regions like the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland, the warming of the climate will not only lead to the melting of ice caps and rise in sea levels, but also to food shortages and loss of habitat for some species. If these levels of pollution continue to increase, the Amazon forests will also disappear. Ice Mountains melt and sea levels rise by a few meters. Due to this many countries will disappear and coastal areas will submerge. It causes food shortage. Habitat problems arise. Some species become extinct. As the ice mountains melt, new viruses emerge. Then human survival becomes questionable. Statistics show that 84 thousand people die in India every year due to high temperatures. Due to the lock downs during the corona time, the balance in the environment was established and the percentage of carbon emissions dropped significantly, we were able to get the environment necessary for the survival of humans and animals. Changes in climate are greatly affecting biodiversity worldwide. Changes in the current climate system in India are impacting various ecosystems, affecting key sectors such as natural ecosystems including water resources, agriculture, forestry, health and industrial sectors.

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 Keywords

Global Boiling, Biodiversity, Habitation, High Temperatures, Net zero carbon emissions

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Medical waste, a by-product of healthcare activities, has emerged as a significant concern in recent years due to its potential impact on both human health and the environment. Medical waste encompasses a wide range of materials often leading to inadequate disposal methods that pose serious risks to public health and ecological balance and global health crises. One of the primary concerns associated with medical waste is its potential to spread infectious diseases. Improperly dispose, can cause injuries and even the general public, potentially transmitting blood-borne like HIV and hepatitis. The toxins released from heavy metals can persist in the environment for extended periods, contaminating soil and water sources. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that incineration of medical waste is known carcinogens and can cause reproductive and developmental problems in humans and wildlife. Improper disposal of expired or unused medications can lead to their presence in water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and potentially entering the human food chain. Hazardous substances can leach into the soil, ecosystems and agricultural productivity. Radioactive waste from medical procedures, poses unique challenges. We can mitigate the risks associated with medical waste and work towards a healthier, more sustainable future.

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 Keywords

Medical waste, WHO, pathogens, Radioactive waste

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Flight is one of the most extraordinary adaptations in the animal kingdom, enabling organisms to explore ecological niches that would otherwise be inaccessible. This chapter delves into the comparative study of flight evolution in birds and insects, two distinct groups that independently developed this ability through different evolutionary pathways. The analysis begins with a review of fossil evidence, tracing the origins of flight in insects back to the Carboniferous period, while bird flight is explored within the context of theropod dinosaurs. The chapter then examines the anatomical adaptations that support flight in these groups. Insects utilize a combination of direct and indirect flight muscles to power their membranous wings, which are supported by a network of veins. In contrast, birds have evolved complex feathered wings, driven by large pectoral muscles attached to a keeled sternum, and supported by lightweight, hollow bones. The respiratory adaptations necessary for sustained flight are also explored, with insects relying on a tracheal system and birds on a highly efficient lung-air sac system. Biomechanical analysis reveals that insects rely on unsteady aerodynamics, generating lift through leading-edge vortices, while birds employ a mix of steady and unsteady flight mechanics, allowing for energy-efficient soaring and high-maneuverability flapping. The chapter also discusses the ecological roles that flight has afforded these groups, from pollination and predation to migration and seed dispersal. This comparative approach not only highlights the convergent evolution of flight but also underscores the diverse strategies that have evolved to meet similar functional demands. By integrating up-to-date research, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how flight has shaped the evolutionary trajectories and ecological success of birds and insects, offering insights into broader evolutionary processes and the dynamics of adaptation.

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 Keywords

Evolution, Flight, Birds, Insects, Comparative Studies, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Fossil Record, Convergent Evolution, Adaptation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In our previous studies 2,6 -Dichloro quinone -4- Chloroimide(Gibbs reagent) used as a mild oxidizing agent with various substrates. In our present study we are presenting the reaction rates of permethrin by Gibbs reagent. Generally Permethrin used in medications and insecticide .Permethrin generally used in agricultural field and veterinary medicine . It is a pale brown water insoluble substance. Its molecular formula is 391.29.Permethrin is a blend of stereo isomers .The reactions are consecutive : the first stage of oxidation of permethrin is by [OH-] and the second stage of oxidation is by 2,6-Dichloroquinone. The reactions are found to be first order in oxidant and first order in substrate. The reactions were independent of [OH-].The rate of reaction is increased with increasing the temperature .Majority of the reactions studied at room temperature. The mechanism is likely to involve atwo stepoxidation reaction to generate a p-quinoid species. A blue colour Gibbs -permethrincomplex is formed after completion of the reaction. A suitable mechanism is postulated to explain the result .

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Permethrin -Gibbs reagent - p-quinoid species- two step oxidation -Gibbs -permethrin complex

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Recent advances in biopharmaceuticals promise a bright future for medicine by providing innovative solutions for disease treatment and prevention. These drugs are derived from living organisms and offer highly targeted therapies that are more precise and have fewer side effects. These advanced drugs closely resemble human proteins, thereby minimizing the risk of immune reactions. Biopharmaceuticals have revolutionized medical treatments with innovations such as monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, and cultured cell-based therapies. The increasing number of FDA-approved biologics from 2015 to 2023 highlights their expanding role in treating a wide range of medical conditions. As research continues to progress, we can expect even more exciting developments in the field.

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ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOPHARMACEUTICALS: PROMISING FUTURE IN MEDICINE

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An irregular menstrual cycle is one of the hallmarks of PCOS, a neuroendocrine metabolic condition. Synthetic medication therapy is a successful treatment for PCOS. However, because allopathic medications have limits and natural treatments have great therapeutic outcomes, PCOS patients are drawn to natural solutions. In many rural places, medicinal plants play a major role in the healthcare of women. Modern medications have been created from plants that have historically been utilized as a starting point for the development of new drugs with therapeutic effective observations. Women can easily acquire affordable healthcare through kitchen cures. Women's dietary habits often mirror their awareness of their health. In this comprehensive review we addressed the function of various Indian herbs in PCOS in light of the importance of herbal therapies. Materials & Methods: A comprehensive literature search and data mining was carried out about the efficacy of Ayurveda prescribed herbs supportedbyscientific efficacy and toxicity studies (preclinical and clinical) against PCOS by consulting the Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cross ref, database. Results: In this study, we addressed the role of selective Indian herbs in PCOS treatment with mechanisms through scientific studies conducted in the last two decades.

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 Keywords

PCOS, Cinnamon extract, fenugreek

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition