Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

This review synthesizes literature on intake manifold geometry, acoustic tuning, computational modeling, injector placement, and materials relevant to small spark-ignition (SI) engines used in Indian two-wheelers, with the Honda Activa (110-125 cc) as contextual reference. Prior work demonstrates that runner length, plenum volume, elbow curvature, and surface finish influence volumetric efficiency, pressure losses, and mixture preparation; CFD using RANS (e.g., k-? SST) is frequently employed for design iteration and validation. The review collates reported design strategies--including bellmouth entries, diffuser-converger shaping, variable-length runners, and polymer manifolds (PA6-GF30)--and summarizes their measured or simulated impacts on pressure drop, charge uniformity, and torque. It also highlights injector orientation to mitigate wall wetting. Gaps for two-wheeler-specific validation (transient intake events, fuel-air multiphase modeling, chassis-dyno correlation) are identified to guide future research.

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 Keywords

Intake manifold, two-wheelers, Honda Activa, CFD, k-? SST, runner tuning, minor-loss coefficients, PA6-GF30, wall wetting

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

BCS Class III drugs -- characterized by high aqueous solubility and low membrane permeability -- present a paradox for formulators: dissolution is usually straightforward but moisture affinity and microenvironmental chemistry frequently shorten shelf life. This review focuses on the challenges encountered when deploying strategies intended to increase shelf life and stability for Class III APIs. We examine the physical and chemical mechanisms that drive instability, survey the spectrum of modern stabilization technologies (co-crystals, salts/co-formers, solid dispersions, hot-melt extrusion (HME), micro/nanoencapsulation, ionic liquids, smart packaging), and then emphasize the translational barriers: excipient interactions, processing moisture/thermal stress, analytical and predictive limitations, regulatory complexity, and cost/scale hurdles. The goal is to provide a realistic, evidence based guide that helps researchers and industry teams choose and de-risk stability strategies for Class III compounds.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

BCS Class III; hygroscopicity; moisture sensitivity; shelf life; co-crystals; hot-melt extrusion; microencapsulation; solid dispersion; ionic liquids; packaging; stability testing; formulation challenges.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Transdermal delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), provides a targeted alternative to oral administration by achieving therapeutic drug concentrations at local tissue sites while minimizing systemic side effects. This review explores formulation strategies for both matrix and reservoir-type transdermal patches, emphasizing the role of key excipients such as polymers, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and backing films. Various permeation enhancement techniques and evaluation methodologies, including in-vitro permeation studies, in-vivo microdialysis, and clinical trials, are discussed. The comparative performance of representative NSAID patches (diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, and ibuprofen) is analyzed with respect to drug loading, adhesive performance, skin compatibility, and release kinetics. Practical considerations for optimizing patch design and ensuring patient compliance are presented. Overall, this review consolidates current formulation advances, identifies limitations in comparative performance data, and provides insights to support future research and development of effective anti-inflammatory transdermal systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Transdermal Patch, NSAID, Diclofenac, Ketoprofen, Permeation Enhancers, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive, Matrix Patch, Reservoir Patch

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Anxiety and pain are interrelated and significant factors influencing patient experience in oral surgery. Elevated anxiety levels can alter pain perception, complicate local anesthesia, and increase intraoperative complications. Pain, when inadequately managed, delays recovery, affects nutrition, and can provoke chronic discomfort. Therefore, effective management requires a multimodal approach integrating psychological, behavioral, and pharmacologic strategies. This review explores the current evidence for assessment, prevention, and management of anxiety and pain in oral surgery patients, emphasizing non-pharmacologic interventions, anxiolytic pharmacotherapy, multimodal analgesia, and opioid stewardship.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Anxiety, Pain, Anesthetics, NSAIDs, Extraction, Surgery, Behavioral therapy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Energy-efficient smart cities represent an integrated urban development model that leverages Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to minimize energy consumption while maintaining or improving quality of life and economic productivity. In this review, the focus is on energy-oriented smart city architectures and strategies, including smart grids, intelligent buildings, renewable energy integration, demand-side management, and data-driven control of urban infrastructure such as lighting, transportation, and waste-to-energy systems. The paper synthesizes recent work on multi-agent and IoT-based energy management frameworks that enable distributed monitoring, forecasting, and optimization of energy flows across residential, commercial, and public sectors. Special emphasis is placed on initiatives under national smart city programs, with examples of large-scale deployment of smart meters, energy-efficient street lighting, rooftop solar projects, and waste-to-energy plants that contribute to reduced peak demand, lower emissions, and improved grid reliability. Based on a critical analysis of existing literature, pilot projects, and implementation experiences, the review identifies technical, regulatory, and socio-economic barriers to large-scale adoption of energy-efficient solutions and outlines future research directions for scalable, resilient, and citizen-centric energy management in smart cities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart city architecture, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Internet Of Things (IOT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Intelligent energy management.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study was carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples from the Indira Gandhi Canal (IGC) in the Hanumangarh region, Rajasthan. Parameters such as pH, total hardness, alkalinity, chlorinate, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen were analysed to assess the water quality. Results revealed that certain samples contained chemical constituents exceeding the permissible limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), potentially leading to adverse environmental and health impacts. For this study, the term regional water contamination broadly refers to pollution detectable at the regional scale. Based on the findings, it is recommended that water sources in the study area should be evaluated for portability and suitability prior to their domestic, agricultural, or industrial use. The results highlight the need for continuous monitoring of the IGC to ensure its long-term sustainability as a resource for drinking water and irrigation.

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 Keywords

Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity, hardness, alkalinity, chlorinity, pH, water quality, BIS, physico-chemical parameters

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into organizational processes has transformed Human Resource Management (HRM), with chatbots emerging as a significant tool for automation and employee engagement. This conceptual study explores the role of chatbots in HRM, highlighting their potential benefits, adoption challenges, and future directions. Chatbots provide 24/7 support, automate routine tasks, and generate data-driven insights to inform HR strategies. However, issues related to data privacy, employee trust, lack of emotional intelligence, and algorithmic bias present challenges for implementation. This study synthesizes findings from recent literature to develop a conceptual framework that guides organizations in effectively deploying HR chatbots while mitigating risks. The paper offers insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to leverage AI-driven tools in HRM for enhanced efficiency, employee satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Chatbots, Human Resource Management, AI, HR Automation, Employee Experience, Conceptual Study.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: The study focuses on documenting the various presentations of tinea cases present in the hospital and identifying any trend in gender and age. The study is also proud to have evaluated the treatment approaches applied in the management of tinea infections, such as topical, oral, or combination medication. The research will also examine and look into possible risk factors that can result in causation of tinea infections.The study was performed in the Department of Dermatology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagunoor ,Karimnagar, Telangana, India. The study was a six-month prospective , observational , cross sectional study. A total of 150 outpatients visiting the dermatology outpatient department over the period of the study were enrolled. Data were gathered using a survey data collection form that documented demographic information, presenting symptoms, clinical diagnosis, and prescribing patterns.

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 Keywords

Dermatophytes, Tinea Infections, Clinical Pattern, Prescription and Riskfactors.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is an intelligent system designed to automatically detect, segment, and recognize vehicle number plates from images or video streams. It uses image processing and machine learning techniques to locate the plate, enhance the characters, and convert them into digital text. ANPR is widely used in traffic management, toll collection, parking systems, and security monitoring. The system improves efficiency, reduces manual effort, and enables real-time vehicle identification.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Core AI and CV terms,Vehical Specific Recognition terms,Neural Network and model architecture,Processing Techniques

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Online shopping has significantly transformed the retail experience, enabling users to purchase groceries and daily essentials conveniently from home. Simultaneously, cooking tutorials on platforms like YouTube have become a major source of culinary learning and inspiration. However, there remains a gap between watching a recipe video and purchasing the required ingredients efficiently. The proposed AI-Powered Smart E-Cart System bridges this gap by integrating artificial intelligence, natural language processing (NLP), and computer vision techniques to automate the shopping process. Users can paste a YouTube recipe link into the system, which then extracts ingredient information using speech-to-text, caption analysis, and image recognition. The system identifies food items, detects specific vegetable cutting types, and automatically generates a customized shopping list. This intelligent integration enhances user convenience, minimizes manual effort, and ensures accurate ingredient selection. The system's modular design allows scalability for future integration with e-commerce platforms and smart kitchen devices, marking a step forward toward intelligent digital retail experiences.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ingredient Detection, Cooking Videos, Speech-to-Text, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Computer Vision, YouTube Integration, Smart E-Cart, Cutting Style Recognition, AI-Powered Retail, Automated Shopping List

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition